Khalani Ndi nkhawa Ndi Anyamata, Makamaka Ana Aamuna

Nthawi zambiri timamva kuti anyamata amafunika kulimbikitsidwa kuti asakhale amisili. Kulimba mtima kwa makolo kwa makanda kumakondweretsedwanso kuti "sikukuwononga mwana."

Cholakwika! Malingalirowa amatengera kusamvetsetsa kwamomwe makanda amakulira. M'malo mwake, makanda amadalira chisamaliro chachifundo, chothandiza kuti akule bwino - zomwe zimadzetsa kudziletsa, luso la kucheza ndi anthu, komanso kudera nkhawa ena.

Kafukufuku wofufuza zamatsenga adangotuluka ndi Allan N. Schore, wotchedwa "Ana Athu Onse: Developmental Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology of Boys at Risk."

Kuwunikiraku kumawonetsa chifukwa chake tiyenera kuda nkhawa ndi momwe timachitira ndi anyamata adakali aang'ono. Nazi mfundo zazikuluzikulu:

Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani zomwe zimachitikira msinkhu wachinyamata zimakhudza anyamata kuposa atsikana?

• Anyamata amakula pang'onopang'ono, mwamakhalidwe komanso chilankhulo.
• Makina oyendetsa kupsinjika kwamaubongo amakula pang'onopang'ono mwa anyamata mwa ziwalo zoberekera, mopitilira muyeso, komanso pambuyo pake.
• Anyamata amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndimavuto azachilengedwe, mkati ndi kunja kwa chiberekero kuposa atsikana. Atsikana ali ndi njira zowonjezera zomwe zimathandizira kupirira kupsinjika.

Kodi anyamata amakhudzidwa bwanji kuposa atsikana?

• Anyamata amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kupsinjika kwa amayi ndi kukhumudwa m'mimba, zowawa za kubadwa (mwachitsanzo, kupatukana ndi mayi), komanso kusamalira osasamalira (chisamaliro chomwe chimawasiya m'masautso). Izi zimapangidwa ndi zojambulidwa ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri kukula kwaubongo wakumanja-komwe kumakula msanga m'moyo wachinyamata kuposa ubongo wamanzere wakumanzere. Mbali yakumanja nthawi zambiri imakhazikitsa gawo loyendetsa lokha laubongo logwirizana ndi kudziletsa komanso chikhalidwe.
• Nthawi yabwinobwino anyamata obadwa kumene amachitanso mosiyanasiyana pakuwunika kwamakhanda, akuwonetsa milingo yayikulu ya cortisol (mahomoni olimbikitsa omwe akuwonetsa kupsinjika) pambuyo pake kuposa atsikana.
• Pakatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, anyamata amawonetsa kukhumudwa kuposa atsikana. Pakatha miyezi 12, anyamata amawonetsa chidwi chachikulu pazokhumudwitsa.
• Schore akutchulapo kafukufuku wa a Tronick, omwe adamaliza kunena kuti "Anyamata ... ndiwokakamira kwambiri pakati pawo, amakhala ndi nthawi zovuta kuwongolera mayiko awo, ndipo angafunikire thandizo la amayi awo kuwathandiza kuwongolera. Kufunidwa kumeneku kukhudza momwe anyamata angathandizire anzawo ”(tsamba 4).

Titha kunena chiyani kuchokera kuzosankhazi?

Anyamata ali pachiwopsezo chotenga matenda amitsempha yama neuropsychiatric omwe amawoneka otukuka (atsikana ali pachiwopsezo chazovuta zomwe zimadza pambuyo pake). Izi zikuphatikiza autism, schizophrenia yoyambirira, ADHD, ndimavuto amachitidwe. Izi zakhala zikuwonjezeka mzaka zaposachedwa (mosangalatsa, popeza ana ambiri adayikidwa m'malo osamalira ana, pafupifupi onse omwe amapereka chisamaliro chokwanira kwa ana; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Early Child Care Research Network, 2003).

Schore akuti, "poyang'ana kukhwima kwa khanda la mwana wamwamuna, njira yokhayo yotetezera cholumikizira kwa mayi ngati njira yomvera, yolumikizira yomwe imawongolera ubongo wake wamwamuna wosakhwima mchaka choyamba ndikofunikira pakukula kwamakhalidwe abwino achimuna." (tsamba 14)

"Mwathunthu, masamba am'mbuyomu a ntchitoyi akuwonetsa kuti kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi mu njira yolumikizira ubongo komwe kumayambitsa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi muntchito ndi malingaliro kumakhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa moyo; zododometsedwa, koma zopangidwa mwapadera ndi chikhalidwe choyambirira komanso chilengedwe; ndikuti ubongo wamwamuna ndi wamkazi wamkulu umayimira mogwirizana kuti anthu azigwira bwino ntchito. " (tsamba 26)

Kodi chisamaliro chosayenera chikuwoneka bwanji mzaka zoyambirira za moyo?

"Mosiyana kwambiri ndi izi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana komwe kukukula, munthawi ya ubale womwe umalepheretsa amayi kubereka, kuchepa kwa chidwi cha amayi, kuyankha, ndikuwongolera kumalumikizidwa ndi zotetezedwa. Pazovuta zomwe zimalepheretsa ubale pakati pa nkhanza komanso zojambulidwa (kuzunzidwa ndi / kapena kunyalanyazidwa), woyang'anira wamkulu wa khanda losatekeseka-wosokonekera amachititsa zinthu zopweteketsa mwanayo (AN Schore, 2001b, 2003b) . Zotsatira zake, kusalongosoka kwa machitidwe amtundu wa allostatic kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu muubongo womwe ukukula, kuwonetsa koopsa kwa ma subcortical-cortical stress circuits, komanso zotsatira zoyipa zanthawi yayitali (McEwen & Gianaros, 2011). Zovuta zachibale munthawi zoyambilira zakukula kwaubongo zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lolondola, limasinthira kulumikizana kwa corticolimbic kukhala HPA, ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta pazotsatira zamtsogolo zomwe zingakhudzidwe ndikulimbana ndi zovuta zamtsogolo zamaganizidwe. M'mbuyomu, ndidafotokoza kuti ubongo wamwamuna wosakhwima ndi womwe umakhala pachiwopsezo cha matendawa, omwe amafotokozedwa mosavomerezeka pamachitidwe azikhalidwe. " (tsamba 13)

Kodi chisamaliro choyenera chimawoneka bwanji muubongo?

"Pakukula bwino, njira yolumikizira chisinthiko, yomwe imakhwima munthawi yakukula kwaubongo, motero imalola ma epigenetic m'malo amtundu wa anthu kuti akhudze magwiridwe antchito am'magawo am'magawo am'magulu am'magulu am'magawo am'magawo am'magawo am'magawo am'magazi. Pakutha kwa chaka choyamba mpaka chaka chachiwiri, malo opitilira muyeso wazoyenda moyenerera komanso olowa mkati amayamba kulumikizana ndi malo ochepera, kuphatikiza machitidwe okoka pakati pa ubongo ndi tsinde laubongo ndi olamulira a HPA, potero amalola pazinthu zovuta kwambiri zakukhudzira malamulo, makamaka munthawi yamavuto ena pakati pawo. Izi zati, monga ndidanenera mu 1994, orbitofrontal cortex yolondola, njira yolumikizira zolumikizira, imagwira ntchito kukhwima molingana ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana mwa akazi ndi amuna, motero, kusiyanitsa ndikukula kumakhazikika m'mbuyomu mwa akazi kuposa amuna (AN Schore, 1994). Mulimonsemo, zochitika zolumikizana bwino zimalola kuti pakhale njira yokhazikitsira mphamvu yoyeserera komanso kuyimitsa mayankho a olamulira a HPA ndi mphamvu yodziyimira pawokha, zofunikira pakulimbana ndi kuthekera kopambana. ” (tsamba 13)

Chidziwitso: Nayi fayilo ya nkhani yaposachedwa kufotokoza kufotokozera.

Zothandiza kwa makolo, akatswiri, ndi opanga mfundo:

1. Zindikirani kuti anyamata amafunikira chisamaliro chochulukirapo, osati chocheperako.

2. Onaninso machitidwe onse obadwira kuchipatala. Njira Yoyeserera Achipatala Yoyambira ndi kuyamba koma sikokwanira. Malinga ndi kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwa kafukufukuyu, pali zambiri za epigenetic ndi zina zomwe zimachitika pakubadwa.

Kulekana kwa amayi ndi mwana pakubadwa kuli kovulaza kwa ana onse, koma Schore akuwonetsa momwe zimapwetekera anyamata:

"Kuwonetsa mwana wamwamuna wobadwa kumene ... kupsinjika kwakudzipatula kumayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa cortisol ndipo chifukwa chake kumatha kuwonedwa ngati kupsinjika kwakukulu" (Kunzler, Braun, & Bock, 2015, p. 862). Kulekanitsidwa mobwerezabwereza kumabweretsa machitidwe osachita chidwi, ndipo "kusintha ... njira zamankhwala zamankhwala zam'mbali, mwachitsanzo, zigawo zomwe sizigwira ntchito m'matenda amisala" (p. 862).

3. Apatseni chisamaliro chomvera . Amayi, abambo ndi osamalira ena ayenera kupewa mavuto aliwonse mwa mwana - "kupirira zoyipa." M'malo mochitira nkhanza amuna ("kuwapanga amuna") powalola kulira ngati makanda kenako kuwauza kuti asalire ngati anyamata, popewa kukondana ndi machitidwe ena kuti "awalimbikitse," anyamata achichepere ayenera kuthandizidwa mosemphana ndi izi: mwachikondi ndi ulemu pazosowa zawo zakukwatiwa ndi kukoma mtima.

Dziwani kuti anyamata obadwa msanga samatha kucheza mwachisawawa ndi omwe amawasamalira ndipo amafunikira chisamaliro chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa mitsempha yawo.

4. Perekani tchuthi cholipira cha makolo . Kuti makolo apereke chisamaliro chomvera, amafunikira nthawi, chidwi ndi mphamvu. Izi zikutanthauza kusamukira ku tchuthi cha amayi ndi abambo kwa chaka chimodzi, nthawi yomwe ana ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Sweden ili ndi mfundo zina zothandiza mabanja zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makolo azikhala omvera pomvera.

5. Chenjerani ndi poizoni wazachilengedwe. China chomwe sindinayankhe, chomwe Schore amatero, ndi zotsatira za poizoni wachilengedwe. Anyamata achichepere amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi poizoni wazachilengedwe yemwe amasokonezanso kukula kwa ubongo wa hemisphere (mwachitsanzo, mapulasitiki monga BpA, bis-phenol-A). Schore akugwirizana ndi lingaliro la Lamphear (2015) loti "kuwonjezeka kwa zolemala komwe kukukula kumakhudzana ndi poizoni wazachilengedwe muubongo womwe ukukula." Izi zikusonyeza kuti tiyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri pakuyika mankhwala owopsa mlengalenga, nthaka, ndi madzi. Umenewo ndi mutu wankhani ina yolemba blog.

Mapeto

Zachidziwikire, sitiyenera kungodandaula za anyamata koma kuchitapo kanthu kwa ana onse. Tiyenera kupereka chisamaliro kwa ana onse. Ana onse amayembekezera ndikusowa, pakukula bwino, chisa chosinthika, maziko a chisamaliro choyambirira chomwe chimapereka chisamaliro, chisamaliro chochepetsa kupsinjika chomwe chimalimbikitsa kukula kwabongo. Labu yanga imaphunzira Chisa Chosinthika ndipo imapeza kuti ikugwirizana ndi zotsatira zonse zabwino za ana zomwe taphunzira.

Positi Next: N 'chifukwa Chiyani Mukudandaula Za Kusamaliridwa Amuna? Makhalidwe Okhazikika!

Chidziwitso pa mdulidwe:

Owerenga afunsa mafunso okhudza mdulidwe. Dataset waku USA wowunikiridwa ndi Dr. Schore sanaphatikizepo zambiri zokhudza mdulidwe, chifukwa chake palibe njira yodziwira ngati zina mwazomwe zapezeka mwina chifukwa cha zowawa za mdulidwe, womwe udakalipobe ku USA. Werengani zambiri zamomwe zimakhudzira mdulidwe pano.

Chidziwitso pamalingaliro oyambira:

Ndikamalemba zakulera, ndimaganiza zakufunika kwa chisa chosinthika kapena kusintha kwachitukuko (EDN) polera makanda aanthu (omwe adayamba zaka zopitilira 30 miliyoni zapitazo ndikubwera kwa nyama zoyamwitsa ndipo zasinthidwa pang'ono pakati pa anthu magulu kutengera kafukufuku wa anthropological).

EDN ndiye maziko omwe ndimagwiritsa ntchito kuwunika zomwe zimalimbikitsa thanzi labwino laumunthu, kukhala ndi moyo wachifundo komanso wachifundo. Njirayi imaphatikizapo zotsatirazi: kuyamwitsa khanda kwa zaka zingapo, kuyandikira pafupipafupi, kuyankha zofunikira kuti mupewe kukhumudwitsa mwana, kucheza ndi osewera azaka zambiri, osamalira achikulire angapo, kuthandizira anzawo, komanso zokumana nazo zolimbitsa thupi .

Makhalidwe onse a EDN amalumikizidwa ndi thanzi la mammalian komanso maphunziro aumunthu (pakuwunika, onani Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore & Gleason, 2013; Narvaez, Valentino, Fuentes, McKenna & Gray, 2014; Narvaez, 2014) Chifukwa chake, amasunthira kutali ndi EDN zoyambira ndizowopsa ndipo ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi chidziwitso cha kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali poyang'ana mbali zingapo zamankhwala ndiumoyo wa ana ndi akulu. Ndemanga zanga komanso zolemba zanga zimachokera pazongoganiza izi.

Labotale yanga yofufuzira yalemba zakufunika kwa EDN pakukhalira moyo wathanzi kwa ana komanso kukula kwamakhalidwe ndi mapepala ambiri pantchitoyi (onani wanga tsamba la webusayiti kutsitsa mapepala).

Zamgululi (2015). Mphamvu ya poizoni muubongo womwe ukukula. Kukambirana Kwapachaka Zaumoyo Waanthu, 36, 211-230.

McEwen, BS, & Gianaros, PJ (2011). Kupsinjika- ndi allostasis-komwe kumapangitsa kuti ubongo uzikhala wapulasitiki. Kukambirana Kwachaka kwa Mankhwala, 62, 431-445.

Schore, ANN (1994). Zimakhudza kuwongolera komwe adachokera. Neurobiology yakukula kwamalingaliro. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schore, ANN (2001a). Zotsatira zakulumikizana kotetezeka pakukula kwaubongo, zimakhudza kuwongolera, komanso thanzi lamwana wakhanda. Magazini a Mental Health Infant, 22, 7-66.

Schore, ANN (2001b). Zotsatira zakusokonekera kwakubwenzi pakukula kwaubongo, zimakhudza kuwongolera, komanso thanzi lamaganizidwe amwana. Mnyamata Wolemba Zaumoyo Waumoyo, 22, 201-269.

Schore, A. N. (2017). Ana athu onse: Kukula kwa neurobiology ndi neuroendocrinology ya anyamata omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Infant Mental Health Journal, e-pub patsogolo pa kusindikiza doi: 10.1002 / imhj.21616

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Network Yoyang'anira Kusamalira Ana Oyambirira (2003). Kodi kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito posamalira ana kumaneneratu zakusintha kwakachetechete pakusintha kwa Kindergarten? Sosaiti Yofufuza mu Kukula kwa Ana, Inc.