Chiphunzitso cha Bf Skinner Cha Kulimbitsa

Zamkati

• Chiphunzitsochi chikugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano zikafika pofotokozera njira zophunzirira.
• BF Skinner anali ndani?
• Kodi lingaliro lakulimbitsa ndi chiyani?
• Ndi mitundu yanji yolimbikitsira yomwe ilipo?
• 1. Olimbikitsa olimbikitsa
• 3. Olimbitsa zolimbitsa
• Mapulogalamu othandizira a Skinner
• 1. Kulimbitsa mosalekeza
• 2. Kulimbitsa mosadukiza
• Kudzudzula kwa malingaliro a Skinner

Chiphunzitsochi chikugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano zikafika pofotokozera njira zophunzirira.

Zikuwoneka zowonekeratu kuti, ngati titachita zinazake timalandila mphotho kapena mphotho, ndizotheka kuti tidzabwerezanso. Kumbuyo kwa mfundoyi, yomwe imawoneka ngati yowonekera kwambiri kwa ife, pali malingaliro ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe aphunziridwa ndikukambirana m'mbiri yonse yama psychology.

Mmodzi mwa omwe amateteza njirayi anali Burrhus Frederic Skinner, yemwe kudzera mu chiphunzitso chake cha Reinforcement Theory adayesera kufotokoza pakugwira ntchito kwa machitidwe a anthu poyankha zokopa zina.

BF Skinner anali ndani?

Katswiri wazamisala, wafilosofi, wopanga komanso wolemba. Izi ndi zina mwa ntchito zodziwika bwino kwa katswiri wodziwika bwino wazikhalidwe zaku America, Burrhus Frederic Skinner. Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa olemba komanso ofufuza mkatikati mwa machitidwe aku North America.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe amaphunzira ndimakhalidwe amunthu. Makamaka, idafuna kufotokoza momwe imagwirira ntchito poyankha zovuta zina zomwe zingakhudze.

Kupyolera mukuyesa kuyesa ndikuwona zamakhalidwe anyama.

Kwa Skinner, kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe amati ndizabwino komanso zoyipa kunali kofunikira kusintha machitidwe amunthu ndi nyama; mwina kuwonjezera kapena kupititsa patsogolo machitidwe ena kapena kuwaletsa kapena kuwachotsa.

Momwemonso, a Skinner anali ndi chidwi ndi momwe mfundo zake zimagwiritsidwira ntchito; kupanga "maphunziro omwe adapangidwa". M'maphunziro amtunduwu, ophunzira amafotokozedwa mndandanda wazambiri zomwe ayenera kuphunzira motsatizana kuti apitilize pamutu wotsatira wazidziwitso.

Pomaliza, a Skinner adatulutsanso zolemba zingapo zomwe zidazunguliridwa ndi mkangano wina pomwe adagwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira malingaliro ndi cholinga cha kukulitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu motero kulimbitsa chisangalalo cha anthu, monga mtundu waukadaulo wa chisangalalo ndi thanzi la abambo ndi amai.

Kodi lingaliro lakulimbitsa ndi chiyani?

Chiphunzitso cholimbikitsana chopangidwa ndi Skinner, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti chothandizira kugwira ntchito kapena chida chothandizira, chimayesa kufotokoza momwe anthu amakhalira mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe kapena zoyipa zomwe zimazungulira.

Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera, Skinner amafika pozindikira kuti kuwoneka kolimbikitsa kumapangitsa kuti munthu ayankhe. Ngati yankho ili likuyendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito othandizira olimbikitsa kapena osalimbikitsa, chisonkhezero chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe akuchita kapena machitidwe, omwe atha kukulitsidwa kapena kuletsa.

Skinner adakhazikitsa kuti khalidweli limasungidwa kuchokera pamtundu wina kapena mkhalidwe wina malinga ndi zotsatirapo zake, ndiye kuti, olimbikitsawo sasintha kapena samatsatira mfundo zina, "malamulo" omwe akuyenera kupezeka. Zotsatira zake, zikhalidwe zamunthu komanso zanyama zitha kukhazikitsidwa kapena kusinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zingapo zomwe wophunzirayo angaganize zokhutiritsa kapena ayi.

Kufotokozedwa momveka bwino, Mfundo Zolimbikitsira zikutsindika kuti munthu amatha kubwereza zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa, komanso amatha kubwereza zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zoyipa kapena zolimbitsa.

Ndi mitundu yanji yolimbikitsira yomwe ilipo?

Zoyambitsa kapena zolimbikitsa, zabwino komanso zoyipa, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza kapena kusintha machitidwe a munthuyo. Izi ndiwothandiza kwambiri pothandizira pamaganizidwe, komanso kusukulu, banja kapena malo ogwirira ntchito.

Skinner adasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya zolimbikitsira: zolimbikitsira zabwino ndi zoyipa zolimbitsa.

1. Olimbikitsa olimbikitsa

Othandizira olimbikitsa ndi izi zonse zomwe zimawoneka pambuyo pakhalidwe ndipo zomwe munthuyo amawona kuti ndizokhutiritsa kapena zopindulitsa. Kudzera mwa zolimbikitsazi zabwino kapena zokhutiritsa, cholinga ndikukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mayankho a munthu, ndiye kuti, kuwonjezera mwayi woti achite kapena kubwereza zomwe achita.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti zochita zomwe zalimbikitsidwa ndizotheka kubwereza kuyambira pomwe amatsatiridwa ndi kukhutitsidwa, mphotho kapena mphotho zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizabwino ndi munthu amene akuchita zochitikazo.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuti mgwirizanowu ukhale wogwira ntchito, ziyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti munthuyo akuwona kulimbikitsidwa kotere. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndizosangalatsa.

Zomwe munthu wina angaganize kuti ndi mphotho siziyenera kukhala za wina. Mwachitsanzo, mwana yemwe samapatsidwa maswiti atha kuwona kuti ndi mphotho yofunika kwambiri kuposa yemwe adazolowera. Chifukwa chake, izo Zikhala zofunikira kudziwa zofunikira komanso kusiyana kwa munthuyo kuti muwone chomwe chingakhale cholimbikitsira chabwino chomwe chingakhale cholimbikitsira chabwino.

Nawonso olimbikitsa oterewa akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

3. Olimbitsa zolimbitsa

Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, olimbikitsa zolakwika samaphatikiza kupereka zilango kapena zoyipa kwa munthuyo; Ngati sichoncho. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolimbikitsira zoyipa kumafuna kuwonjezera kuyankha kwa izi mwa kuchotsa zotsatirapo zomwe zimawona kuti ndizosavomerezeka.

Mwachitsanzo, mwana yemwe amaphunzira mayeso ena ndipo amakhoza bwino. Poterepa, makolo amamukhululukira kuti asagwire ntchito zapakhomo kapena chilichonse chomwe sichimusangalatsa.

Monga tikuwonera, mosiyana ndi kulimbikitsidwa kwabwino, pakadali pano mawonekedwe oyipa kapena obwezeretsa amachotsedwa kuti awonjezere machitidwe ena. Komabe, zomwe ali nazo mofanana ndikuti zoyeserera ziyeneranso kusinthidwa ndi zokonda za munthuyo.

Mapulogalamu othandizira a Skinner

Monga tafotokozera kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi, kuwonjezera pakuphunzitsa za machitidwe a anthu, Skinner adayesetsa kuti izi zitheke. Kuti achite izi, adapanga mapulogalamu angapo olimbikitsira, odziwika kwambiri ndikukhala kolimbikitsa mosalekeza komanso kwapakatikati (kulimbitsa nthawi ndi kulimbitsa kulingalira).

1. Kulimbitsa mosalekeza

Mukulimbikitsanso, munthuyo amapatsidwa mphotho nthawi zonse chifukwa cha zomwe akuchita kapena machitidwe ake. Ubwino wake waukulu ndikuti kuyanjana ndikofulumira komanso kothandiza; komabe, kulimbitsa kukachotsedwa, khalidweli limatha msanga.

2. Kulimbitsa mosadukiza

Zikatero , Khalidwe la munthu limalimbikitsidwa nthawi zina zokha. Pulogalamuyi imagawidwanso m'magulu awiri: kulimbitsa kwakanthawi (kosasunthika kapena kosintha) kapena kulimbitsa chifukwa (chosasinthika kapena chosinthika)

Pakulimbitsa kwakanthawi khalidweli limalimbikitsidwa pakadutsa nthawi yokhazikika (yokhazikika) kapena nthawi yosasintha (yosinthika). Pomwe chifukwa cholimbikitsira munthuyo ayenera kuchita zingapo asanalimbikitsidwe. Monga momwe zimathandizira pakanthawi, mayankho angapo akhoza kuvomerezedwa kale (osakhazikika) kapena ayi (mwachisawawa).

Kudzudzula kwa malingaliro a Skinner

Monga madera onse owerengera komanso kafukufuku, malingaliro a Skinner sakhala opanda otsutsa. Otsutsa kwambiri malingaliro awa amatsutsa Skinner posaganizira zomwe zikuchitika, ndikupanga wochepetsa kuchepetsa kwambiri chiphunzitso podalira njira yoyesera. Komabe, kutsutsaku kumafotokozedwanso poyambitsa chidwi chakuti poyeserera ndikutanthauza kuyika chidwi chake osati pa munthuyo, koma pamalingaliro, zomwe zimachitika m'chilengedwe.