Momwe Otsutsa Amasinthira Masewera Omaliza

Chitani zomwezo. Pangani tsiku langa . - Harry Callahan, wogwira ntchito, wosachita zachinyengo, koma wapolisi wofufuza ku San Francisco

Anthu aku Irani ndi Aperisi ali ndi luso pazokambirana . - Donald Trump, Purezidenti wakale wa United States

Pulogalamu ya masewera omaliza ndi microcosm yoyesera yokambirana. Proposer P akuwonetsa momwe ndalama zochepa ziyenera kugawidwa ndipo Woyankha R akuvomera mgwirizanowu kapena kuvota. Kugawanika pakati kumalandilidwa, pomwe magawano okonda wopemphayo amakanidwa. Izi zikachitika, P kapena R samalandira chilichonse (Güth et al., 1982; onaninso Krueger, 2016 ndi 2020 papulatifomu). Kafukufuku wamaganizidwe amayang'ana kwambiri ngati, bwanji, komanso liti R atha kuvomera mgwirizano ndi momwe P angayembekezere ndikupewa izi. Funso loyambirira limasintha masewerawa kukhala nkhani yama psychology; Funso lomalizirali limayankha mavuto azachikhalidwe monga kulingalira, malingaliro amalingaliro, ndi kuneneratu mosatsimikiza.

Pambuyo pamagawo awiri ofunsira ndikuyankha, masewera omaliza atha. Osewera amapita kwawo ndipo ofufuza amalemba pepala. Uku ndiye kukongola kwamasewera ndi malire ake. Kuthengo, zokambirana nthawi zambiri zimadutsa magawo awiri. Tiyeni tiwone masewera omwe mphamvu ya veto ibwerera ku P. Nazi izi: P imapereka kugawaniza $ 10. R atha kuvomera pempholo kapena kupanga mnzake wotsutsa, yemwe P angalandire kapena kuvotera.

Tiyerekeze P ikupereka 8: 2 kugawanika. Mumasewera anthawi zonse, R amayesedwa kuti awakane chifukwa chodana, kaduka, mkwiyo wamakhalidwe, kapena kuphatikiza kulikonse kwa malingaliro awa. Polephera kubweza voti, R atha kupanga mnzake wotsutsana naye. Izi zitha kukhala kugawanika kwa 5: 5, komwe kumayembekezeredwa koyambirira, kapena kutha kukhala 2: 8, wokondera mofananamo, ndipo tsopano mwachinyengo. Wotsutsana naye 2: 8 ndimavuto amisala ofanana ndi veto. R amangolola P kujambula zotsatira zake (kuti mutanthauzire kwina, onani cholembera kumapeto kwa nkhani iyi). Wotsutsana naye 5: 5 ndiwopambana pamakhalidwe chifukwa akuwunikira zachilungamo zomwe R amayembekeza kuti P ndi R azilemekeza. Kusankhira mnzake wotsutsana kumawulula kudzikonda kwa P. Kukhala wokhoza kuwoneratu izi zonse, P atha kupereka magawano osakira pamasewera osinthidwawa kuposa masewera awiri ovomerezeka. Powonjezera gawo lowonjezerali ndikuloleza osewera onse awiri kuti apereke mwayi, pomwe amasiya mphamvu ya veto ndi woyambitsa woyamba, atha kuthetsa masewerawa pomaliza ndi chilungamo chogawa.

Mumasewera osinthidwawa, mphamvu ya veto ya P ndiyophiphiritsa kuposa zenizeni chifukwa kukana mgwirizano woyenera kumawononga zofuna za wosewera komanso kutchuka (Krueger et al., 2020). Zowonadi, wina atha kunena kuti masewera osinthidwawa ndi osakhazikika chifukwa ngakhale P atapereka 6: 4, R itha kutsutsana ndi 5: 5 yomwe P ikadayenera kuvomereza - motero kukhala otsimikiza kupereka 5: 5 mu malo oyamba. Kuti tipewe kutsika kuzinthu zazing'ono, taganizirani kuthekera kwakuti P amaloledwa kuyankha wotsutsana naye pobwereza chitsimikiziro choyambirira ndikubwezeretsa mphamvu ya veto kwa R. Mukusintha kwamasewera uku, titha kuwona izi zochitika motsatizana: P imapereka 8: 2 ndi R zowerengera ndi 5: 5, zomwe P imatha kuvomereza kapena kuvotera, kapena kukakamira kupereka koyambirira kwa 8: 2. Kuti P akakamire pa 8: 2 ndikulimba mtima chifukwa zikuwonekeratu kuti R samazikonda. Poyerekeza ndi masewera wamba, P akhoza kukhala wotsimikiza tsopano kuti R adzabweza vesi 8: 2. Chifukwa chake, P sayenera kukakamira pa 8: 2 ndikukhazikika pa 5: 5. Apanso, ngakhale mphamvu yama veto itakhala ndi R, zikuwoneka kuti ngakhale kusintha kosachita masewerawa, komwe kumapereka mwayi kwa osewera onse kuti athe kupereka, kumawonjezera mwayi wogawidwa mwachilungamo.

Ngati malingaliro anga ali olondola, yankho pazolemba za positi ndi "inde." Inu (nonse awiri) mudzachita bwino pamasewera olimbana ndi vuto lomaliza chifukwa nthawi zambiri mgwirizano ungakwaniritsidwe. Tsopano kumbukirani kuti mapangidwe ovomerezeka a masewerawa, omwe samalola wotsutsa, ndiye wopanga woyeserera wopanga. Osewera kuthengo amatha kupanga (kapena kupanga nawo) masewera awo.Ndani angakuletseni kupanga wotsutsana nawo mukapatsidwa chigamulo?

Kutchire, zinthu nthawi zambiri zimachitika mwachangu. Pali chiyembekezo kuti ndi maphunziro pang'ono pamalingaliro amasewera, titha kuzindikira masewera omwe tili nawo panthawi yomwe timasewera kuti tithe kuyankha bwino. Tsoka, nthawi zambiri timazindikira mochedwa kuti masewerawa anali otani, makamaka ngati timatha chimanjamanja. Kenako titha kudzilonjeza kuti tidzachita bwino nthawi ina kapena kudzaperekanso chosankha chathu mwamakhalidwe kuti tidzakhalebe ndi chuma.

Zindikirani . Ndikuwoneka kuti ndakana mwayi woti R ndiziwerengera zopereka za 8: 2 ndikupereka mwachilungamo 2: 8. Pali, komabe, chifukwa chomveka chochitira izi. Chopereka cha $ 2 chikuwonetsa kuti P akuganiza kuti R ayenera kukhala wokondwa kuvomereza zochepa izi. Zowonadi, aliyense ayenera kulandira mwayi wocheperako chifukwa $ 2 ndiyabwino kuposa $ 0. Ndipo mawu awa akuphatikizira P. R atha kunena kuti "Ngati mukuganiza kuti ndalandira $ 2, nditha kunena kuti inunso mukadavomereza. Chifukwa chake ndikupatsani $ 2." Malingaliro awa safuna kukangana, kaduka, mkwiyo wamakhalidwe kapena malingaliro ena aliwonse amakhalidwe abwino.