Momwe Anthu Amakhalira Osakhulupirira Mulungu

Zamkati

• Mfundo zazikuluzikulu
• Kodi Chipembedzo Chili Ponseponse?
• Ngati Chipembedzo Chili Padziko Lonse, N'chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Kulibe Mulungu?
• Njira Ziwiri Zotaya Chikhulupiriro Chanu

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu

• Zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zikuwoneka kuti zili pafupifupi konsekonse mwa anthu.
• Ngati chipembedzo chili paliponse, chovuta ndikufotokozera chifukwa chake pafupifupi kotala la anthu sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu.
• Anthu ena amakana zikhulupiriro zawo atakula, koma ambiri omwe sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu adaleredwa motere.

Chipembedzo ndi chilengedwe chaumunthu. Gulu lirilonse lomwe lakhalako lakhala ndi mtundu wina wachipembedzo cholinganizidwa chomwe chakhala chikulamulira pachikhalidwe chawo komanso nthawi zambiri maboma ake. Pachifukwa ichi, akatswiri ambiri amisala amakhulupirira kuti tili ndi chizolowezi chazikhulupiriro.

Ndipo komabe, mgulu lililonse la anthu, palinso amene akana ziphunzitso zachipembedzo za momwe adaleredwera. Nthawi zina amalankhula zakusakhulupirira kwawo, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala chete mwakachetechete kuti apewe kunyalanyazidwa kapena zoyipa. M'zaka zaposachedwa, akuti pafupifupi kotala la anthu padziko lapansi sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu.

Ngati kupembedza — chizolowezi chazikhulupiriro zamtundu winawake — ndi chibadwidwe, monga momwe akatswiri ambiri am'maganizo amaganizira, ndiye tingatani kuti tipeze kuchuluka kwa osakhulupirira? Ili ndi funso lomwe katswiri wama psychology waku Britain a Will Gervais ndi anzawo adafufuza pa kafukufuku yemwe adasindikiza posachedwa munyuzipepalayo Sayansi Yamaganizidwe Amunthu ndi Umunthu .

Kodi Chipembedzo Chili Ponseponse?

Malinga ndi a Gervais ndi anzawo, pali malingaliro atatu akulu ofotokozera zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Chilichonse mwa izi chilinso ndi chifukwa chake anthu ena samakhulupirira Mulungu.

Chiphunzitso cha Secularization akufuna kuti chipembedzo ndichipangidwe cha miyambo ndikufalitsa. Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, zipembedzo zidayamba kuthandiza anthu ena pomwe anthu adayamba chitukuko. Mwachitsanzo, zidathandizira kukhazikitsa machitidwe mwa kupanga milungu yowonera nthawi zonse yomwe imalanga zosayenera m'moyo wotsatira ngati sichoncho. Inaperekanso kuvomerezeka kuboma kudzera pachilolezo cha Mulungu. Pomaliza, idapereka njira yodziwira zomwe anthu wamba ali nazo-ndiye kuti, nkhawa zomwe tonse tili nazo zokhudzana ndi thanzi lathu komanso chisangalalo chathu komanso cha okondedwa athu. Ndizolimbikitsa kudziwa kuti mulungu amatisamalira.

Chiphunzitso chodzikongoletsa pansi chimaperekanso ulosi wonena za momwe anthu angakhalire osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu pofufuza zomwe amati "pambuyo pa chikhristu" ku Western Europe kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka makumi awiri. Pamene maiko awa apanga maukonde olimba achitetezo chachitetezo chaumoyo, chisamaliro chaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi, komanso anthu okhazikika pakati, kupezeka kwachipembedzo komanso kuyanjana kwatsika kwambiri. Malinga ndi malingaliro awa, boma lomwe limapereka zinthu zabwino kwa anthu silingafune kuti Mulungu avomereze. Ndipo chifukwa anthu kulibe nkhawa zakomwe kulipo, safunikiranso chipembedzo.

Lingaliro lazinthu zopangidwa akuti chipembedzo chimachokera ku malingaliro obadwa omwe adayamba kugwira ntchito zina. Anthu ali ndi luso lotha kulingalira malingaliro ndi malingaliro a ena, ndipo ndi luso "lowerenga malingaliro" lomwe limatipangitsa kukhala opambana ngati gulu logwirizana. Koma kuthekera kumeneku ndi "kutengeka kwambiri," kutitsogolera kuti "tiwerengenso malingaliro" a zinthu zopanda moyo kapena ochita masewera osawoneka.

Pachifukwa ichi, kudzinenera kulikonse koti kulibe Mulungu kumangopita "pakatikati," mwakuti osakhulupilira amayenera kupondereza malingaliro achipembedzo nthawi zonse. Monga momwe zimanenedwera nthawi yankhondo, "Palibe okhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu." Maganizo oterewa amachokera ku lingaliro lakuti kupembedza kumachokera.

Lingaliro lazinthu zopangidwa mwanzeru limaneneratu kuti anthu ena sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu chifukwa ali ndi luso loganiza mozama, lomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pofufuza mosamalitsa zikhulupiriro zawo.

Chiphunzitso chachiwiri cholowa akutsimikizira kuti zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zimachokera pakuphatikizika kwamitundu ndi zikhalidwe, chifukwa chake dzinali. Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, titha kukhala ndi chizolowezi chazikhulupiriro zamtundu winawake, koma zikhulupiriro zina zimayenera kukhazikika kuyambira tidakali ana. Chiphunzitsochi chimafotokoza za zipembedzo zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri komanso zochitika zosiyanasiyana zachipembedzo zomwe timaziwona mosiyanasiyana.

Ngakhale lingaliro lachifundo lachiwiri limazindikira kukhalapo kwa zikhulupiriro zachibadwa zachipembedzo, limanenanso kuti zikhulupirirozi zimayenera kuyambitsidwa ndi zomwe zidakumana ndi zipembedzo. Chifukwa chake, akuti anthu amakhala osakhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu ngati samakumana ndi zikhulupiriro kapena miyambo yachinyamata.

Ngati Chipembedzo Chili Padziko Lonse, N'chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Kulibe Mulungu?

Poyesa kuti ndi lingaliro liti lomwe limaneneratu momwe anthu angakhalire osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, Gervais ndi anzawo adasonkhanitsa deta kuchokera kwa anthu opitilira 1400 omwe adalemba anthu aku America. Ophunzirawa adayankha mafunso omwe amayesedwa kuti azindikire kuchuluka kwachikhulupiriro chawo komanso njira zingapo zakusakhulupirira zachipembedzo. Izi zikuphatikiza kudzimva kukhala ndi chitetezo chokhazikika (lingaliro lachipembedzo), kulingalira mozama (lingaliro lazopanga), ndikuwonekera pazachipembedzo muubwana (chiphunzitso chambiri cholowa).

Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti njira imodzi yokha mwa njira zitatu zomwe zanenedwa idaneneratu kuti kulibe Mulungu. Pafupifupi onse omwe amadziwika kuti sakhulupirira Mulungu pachitsanzo ichi adawonetsa kuti adakulira m'banja lopanda chipembedzo.

Poyang'ana m'mbuyo, izi sizodabwitsa. Kupatula apo, Akatolika amakonda kunena kuti ngati ali ndi mwana mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, akhala naye kwamuyaya. Ndipo ngakhale kuti si zachilendo kuti anthu asinthe kuchoka pa chipembedzo chawo chaubwana kupita kuchikhulupiriro chosiyana ndi uchikulire, ndizosowa kwenikweni kuti munthu amene wakula wopanda chipembedzo atenge nawo moyo wina pambuyo pake.

Iwo omwe adasiya chipembedzo chawo ali amoyo nthawi zonse adawonetsa kulingalira mwanzeru. Komabe, anthu achipembedzo ambiri adawonetsanso kuthekera uku. Mwanjira ina, chifukwa choti mumatha kuganiza mozama, sizitanthauza kuti mudzasiya zikhulupiriro zanu.

Chodabwitsa kwambiri kwa ofufuzawo ndikuti sanapeze umboni uliwonse wazachipembedzo. Chizolowezi chotsatira cha Chikhristu ku Western Europe kwakhala kwachitidwa kale ngati chitsanzo cha momwe anthu wamba sangakhulupirire kuti kulibe Mulungu. Koma zomwe zapezedwa mu kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti njira yakudziperekera ikhoza kukhala yovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira poyamba.

Njira Ziwiri Zotaya Chikhulupiriro Chanu

Gervais ndi anzawo akufuna kutengera mitundu iwiri ya Western Europe. Mu chiwonongeko chomwe chidatsatira nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, mbadwo wotsatira nkhondo udasiya kukhulupilira kuti Mpingo ndi wovomerezeka pamakhalidwe abwino komanso woteteza anthu. Popeza adasiya kutsatira zikhulupiriro zawo, ana awo adakula osapembedza ndipo adakhala osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, monga momwe cholowa chawiri cholozera chimaneneratu.

Ndikuganiza kuti pali chifukwa china chomwe kafukufukuyu adalephera kupeza chithandizo chazikhulupiriro zachikunja. Chiphunzitsochi chimati cholinga chachipembedzo ndikuthandizira nkhawa zomwe zilipo, koma boma likapereka njira zotetezera anthu m'manda, zipembedzo sizifunikiranso.

Onse omwe adayankha pa kafukufukuyu anali Achimereka. Ku United States, njira zachitetezo chaanthu ndizofooka, ndipo chisamaliro chazonse kulibe. Pafupifupi anthu onse aku America, mosasamala kanthu za ndalama, amadandaula za kutaya inshuwaransi yawo ngati atachotsedwa ntchito, ndipo amadera nkhawa za kutaya nyumba zawo ndi ndalama zomwe angapeze ngati atadwala. Mwanjira ina, anthu aku America amakhulupirira chipembedzo chawo chifukwa alibe chikhulupiriro kuti boma lawo liziwasamalira.

Mwachidule, anthu atha kukhala ndi chizolowezi chofuna kupembedza, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti anthu azidzakhala ndi zikhulupiriro zawo zokha ngati sangawululidwe ali mwana. Chipembedzo chimapereka chitonthozo kwa anthu mdziko losatsimikizika komanso lowopsa, komabe tikuwonanso kuti boma likapereka chisamaliro cha anthu, safunikiranso chipembedzo. Popeza mbiri yaku Western Europe mzaka zapitazi za 50, zikuwonekeratu kuti maboma atha kuthana ndi nkhawa zomwe zakhala zikuchuluka kwambiri kuposa Mpingo.