Makanda ndi Ana Aang'ono Ndi Anzeru Kuposa Zomwe Timaganiza

Zotsatira zaposachedwa zikuwonetsa luso lakuzindikira koyambirira kwa makanda. Izi sizongotanthauza kuwunika kwathunthu zomwe zapezedwa, koma cholinga chake ndikuwonetsa zitsanzo za kuthekera kwa makanda. Zomwe zimafotokozedwazi zimatsindika kufunikira kwakukweza chidwi chomwe chimakhudza chidwi chothandizira anthu kuzindikira.

Njira Zoyambirira Kuzindikira

Alison Gopnik, Ph.D., ali pakatikati powunikira kumvetsetsa kwathu momwe makanda ndi ana aang'ono amaganizira ndikuphunzira. "Ngakhale ana aang'ono kwambiri amadziwa, amadziwa, ndipo amaphunzira zambiri kuposa momwe asayansi angaganizire," akutero (2010). Gopnik, ndi olemba anzawo a Andrew Meltzoff ndi Patricia Kuhl, adalemba buku lofotokoza za izi, Wasayansi mu Khothi . Olembawo akukambirana zamaphunziro osiyanasiyana zomwe iye ndi anzawo adachita pazaka zambiri kuwonetsa zomwe zimachitika m'maganizo a makanda ndi ana aang'ono.

Mwachitsanzo, adapeza kuti ana azaka 18 zakubadwa amatha kumvetsetsa zomwe anthu ena amakonda zomwe ndizosiyana ndi zawo ("Ndikufuna chinthu chimodzi, pomwe inu mukufuna china" - kuyamba kwachisoni); makanda amamvetsetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa ziwerengero ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndipo ana aang'ono amagwiritsa ntchito maumboni ndi zoyeserera kuti adziwe zomwe zimayambitsa. Daniel Stern akuti: “Kuyambira pakubadwa, zikuwoneka kuti pali chizolowezi chokhazikitsa komanso kuyesa malingaliro pazomwe zikuchitika mdziko lapansi. Makanda nthawi zonse 'amayesa' m'njira yoti afunse, 'kodi izi ndizosiyana kapena ndizofanana ndi izi?' ”(1985)

Tawonani mwachidule zina mwazoyeserera izi. Gopnik ndi anzawo adadabwa ngati ana azaka 18 zakubadwa (ana ang'ono) amatha kumvetsetsa kuti "Nditha kufuna chinthu chimodzi, pomwe mukufuna china" (2010). Kodi adasanthula bwanji izi?

"Woyesera adawonetsa ... ana azaka 18 zakubadwa mbale ya broccoli yaiwisi ndi mbale ya opanga nsomba za Goldfish kenako adalawa zina mwa izi, ndikupanga nkhope yonyansa kapena nkhope yosangalala. Kenako anatambasula dzanja lake n'kumufunsa kuti, "Mungandipatseko kanthu?" Ana azaka 18 zakubadwa adamupatsa broccoli pomwe amachita ngati amakonda, ngakhale sangasankhe okha. "

Izi zikuwonetsa kuti ana aang'ono amatha kumvetsetsa malingaliro a munthu wina. Gopnik adaphunziranso ana azaka 14-ndipo ana ang'onoang'ono nthawi zonse amapatsa woyeserera woyeserera wa Goldfish! Izi zikusonyeza kusintha kwa mwana pamene akukula.

Makanda amawonekeranso kuti amamvetsetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa ziwerengero ndi anthu. Mu kafukufuku wina, woyesera

"Adawonetsa ana a miyezi isanu ndi itatu ... bokosi lodzaza ndi mipira yosakanikirana: mwachitsanzo, 80% yoyera ndi 20% yofiira. Woyesererayo amatulutsa mipira isanu, yomwe imawoneka ngati yosasintha. Anawo adadabwa kwambiri (ndiye kuti, amawoneka motalikirapo kwambiri) pomwe woyesererayo adatulutsa mipira inayi yofiira ndi yoyera kunja kwa bokosilo - zomwe sizingachitike - kuposa momwe adatulutsira mipira inayi yoyera ndi yofiira imodzi chimodzi. "

Zofufuza zina zidawonetsa momwe ana asukulu asukulu asanagwiritse ntchito mwayi kuti awone momwe makina amagwirira ntchito.

“Timayika chimodzi mwazitsulo ziwiri pamakina. Makinawo adayatsa kawiri kapena katatu ndimalo achikaso koma kawiri kokha mwa kasanu ndi kamodzi kwa buluu. Kenako tinapatsa ana midadada ija ndikuwapempha kuti ayatse makina. Ana awa, omwe sanathe kuwonjezera kapena kuchotsa, anali ndi mwayi woti aziika chikwangwani chachikaso pamakina. "

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, m'maphunziro ena, ana anali abwinoko kuposa achikulire poganizira zomwe zingakhalepo zachilendo ndikupeza moyenera zomwe zimayambitsa. Gopnik ndi anzawo adawonetsa makina azaka zinayi ndi akulu

"Zomwe zimagwira ntchito modabwitsa, zikufuna timatumba tating'onoting'ono kuti timange. Ana azaka zinayi anali abwinoko kuposa achikulire pomvetsetsa kamangidwe kameneka. Akuluakuluwo amawoneka kuti amadalira kwambiri zomwe adziwa kale kuti zinthu sizigwira ntchito mwanjira imeneyi, ngakhale umboniwo umatanthauzanso makina omwe ali patsogolo pawo. "

Kusokonezeka Kwa Kuzindikira

Ndikofunika kulingalira momwe kuzindikira kungasokonezedwe. Zopeka zowoneka bwino ndizitsanzo zosavuta kwambiri. Zolakwitsa pakuwona ndi kukumbukira zitha kusokoneza kuzindikira ndikuwongolera zenizeni.

Pakafukufuku wazaka zakubadwa wa achinyamata, Offer et al adapeza kuti achikulire omwe amakwanitsa kuchita bwino bwino samakumbukira unyamata wawo bwino. "Ziwerengero zathu zikuwonetsa kuti palibe kulumikizana kulikonse pakati pa zomwe ophunzira athu amaganiza ndikumva zaunyamata wawo ndi zomwe amaganiza ndikumva ali achinyamata." Nkhani zowona ndi maso zaumbanda komanso kudziwika kwa omwe akuwakayikira ndizodziwika bwino. chidwi) chingasokoneze mwayi woyambirira wazidziwitso ndi njira zake.

Wolemba zamaganizidwe a John Gedo (1927-2017) adalemba chidule cha zovuta zazidziwitso:

“Mitundu yofala kwambiri yomwe imapezeka mu psychoanalysis ndi kuganiza zamatsenga komanso kutengeka mtima, zomwe zimatha kuchitika limodzi kapena mosiyana. Zosokonekera zitha kuwoneka kwakanthawi kochepa ngati zochiritsira zakuchipatala mwazinthu zina zowunikira. Zolakwitsa zosiyanasiyana zakuzindikira, monga kusowa nthabwala, kulephera kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la zomwe anthu akuchita kapena kusakhulupirika chifukwa cha zenizeni, makamaka chifukwa chakuchepa kwaubwana "(2005, p. Xiii ).

Kuzindikira komanso Kukhudza Chidwi / Chisangalalo

Chidwi / chisangalalo ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu aziphunzira komanso kufufuza zinthu. Gopnik, Stern, ndi ena adalemba zamphamvu zomwe ana ang'ono ali nazo pofufuza dziko lawo. Amasanthula biology, physics, psychology, ndi sayansi ina, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kwa malingaliro, lingaliro la kuthekera, ndi kumvera ena chisoni pakufufuza ndi kuphunzira kwawo.

Izi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwakukhudzidwa ndi chidwi. Vignette yachidule imatha kudziwika:

Mnyamata wazaka pafupifupi 3 anali kuyesera kutulutsa katoni yayikulu yamkaka mufiriji. Anaponya, ndipo mkakawo unakhuthuka pansi. Amayi ake adalowa kukhitchini. Iye anali wasayansi. Kodi anachita chiyani? Anatenga matawulo amapepala ndikugwada pansi ndi mwana wawo wamwamuna. Atayika matawulo mumkaka, adati: "Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zimachitika ... onani mkaka ukukweza ulusi, chopukutira chimatenga mkaka ..." Tsopano, makolo sakhala ndi nthawi ndi mphamvu kuchita izi. Koma adazindikira kuti ndizomveka kupangitsa chidwi m'malo modandaula za mkaka wotayika ndikugwiritsa ntchito mantha ndi manyazi. Mwana wake wamwamuna anali wasayansi wapadziko lonse lapansi.

Izi zidziwitso zoyambirira ndizo chifukwa chokulitsira chidwi chomwe chimakhudzidwa m'malo mowononga njira zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zovuta monga kupsinjika, mkwiyo, mantha, komanso manyazi. Uwu ndiye muzu wa zaluso. Umenewu ndiwo muzu wakudzuka kwaumwini (Winnicott, 1971). Kodi tingalimbikitse m'malo mongoletsa chidwi? Kodi tingapangitse ana kuti asamadzione ngati achabechabe? Izi ndi zina mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti Greenspan azigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yapansi panthaka - kodi tingapangitse chidwi m'malo mokakamiza (1992)?

Pomaliza: Charles Darwin amadziwika ndi chidwi chake chopanda malire (Browne, 1995, 2002). Albert Einstein adazindikira kale, "Ndilibe luso lapadera, ndimangofuna kudziwa zambiri" (1952).

[Adasankhidwa] Browne J (2002). Charles Darwin: Mphamvu ya Malo. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Einstein A (1952). Kalata yopita kwa Carl Seelig, pa Marichi 11, 1952.

Gedo JE (2005). Psychoanalysis monga Biological Science: Chiphunzitso Chokwanira. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Gopnik A (2010). Momwe Makanda Amaganizira. Scientific American July 2010, masamba 76-81.

Gopnik A, Meltzoff AN, Kuhl PK (1999). Scientist in the Crib: Malingaliro, Ubongo, ndi Momwe Ana Amaphunzirira. New York: William Morrow ndi Company, Inc.

Greenspan SI (1992). Ubwana ndi Ubwana Woyambirira: Mchitidwe Wakuwunika Zachipatala ndi Kupitilira Pazovuta Zokhudza Maganizo ndi Kukula. Madison, CT: Mayunivesite Amitundu Yonse Press.

Pereka D, Pereka MK, Ostrov E (2004). Guys Wokhazikika: Zaka 34 Kupyola Achinyamata. New York:
Kluwer Academic / Plenum Ofalitsa.

Stern DN (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant: Maganizo ochokera ku Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology. New York: Mabuku Oyambirira.