Makhalidwe: Kodi Zabwino Ndi Chiyani?

Machitidwe amunthu amakhalanso achibadwa: amapangidwa ndi ubongo, ndipo ubongo umapangidwa ndi njira zomwe zimasinthika mwanjira zachilengedwe za Darwin. Monga kusintha konse kwachilengedwe (monga mitima, chiberekero, ndi manja), njirazi zimathetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi kupulumuka kwamunthu ndi kubereka. Malingaliro amakhalidwe abwino a anthu amatha kuwonedwa ngati zinthu zoyambirira, kapena ngati zopangidwa ndi izi. Kunyansidwa ndi kukwatirana ndi abale ake, mwachitsanzo, mwina ndiye chinthu choyambirira (ndiye kuti, chinthu chomwe chisinthiko "chimafuna") cha makina opangira kupewa kuberekana. Chizolowezi chodzudzula nyama mopanda phindu, komano, ndichotulukapo cha njira zomwe zimagwira ntchito makamaka kuti zitha kumvetsetsa anthu, komanso kulengeza kukoma mtima kwa anthu ena. (Dziwani kuti kuwona mkhalidwe ngati chinthu chochokera mosemphana ndi chinthu choyambirira sikutanthauza chilichonse chokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chake).

Kusintha kwamalingaliro amakhalidwe oyenera kumathetsa mavuto omwe amapezeka m'malo onse amunthu (mwachitsanzo, vuto lopewa kuswana). Zina ndi njira zothetsera mavuto omwe ali ovuta kwambiri m'malo ena kuposa ena, ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe - ngakhale kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu chimafanana mofanana mwazikhalidwe - mbali zina zamakhalidwe zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri pazikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo omwe kupeza chuma kumadalira makamaka kupambana pankhondo - monga pakati pa mafuko akumapiri a New Guinea, kapena zolengedwa zakumakedzana ku Europe - anthu atha kuvomereza zabwino zankhondo monga zowopsa ndi kulimba mtima komanso kunyoza manyazi.

Kusintha kwamalingaliro amunthu kumatha kupanganso njira zabwino zomwe zimathetsa mavuto m'malo osiyanasiyana. Makhalidwe omwe amalimbikitsa kufunsa kwasayansi, mwachitsanzo, amathandiza kuthana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi chakudya (sayansi yaulimi), kupulumuka (mankhwala), malonda (kupanga mafakitale), ndi madera ena ambiri. Mphamvu yaumunthu yopanga machitidwe abwino ndi chifukwa china chomwe machitidwe amasiyanirana azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ofufuza monga katswiri wa zamoyo Richard Alexander ndi katswiri wazachikhalidwe Robert Boyd anena momwe kusinthaku kungayambitse kusintha kwamakhalidwe. Anthu adasinthidwa mwachilengedwe kuti apikisane m'magulu, ndipo mwayi wofunikira womwe gulu limodzi lingakhale nawo kuposa wina ndi machitidwe amakhalidwe abwino omwe amalimbikitsa kupambana mpikisano. Ngati mbali za chikhalidwe cha anthu (monga mfundo zomwe zimalimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi) zingapindulitse mwayi wopikisana nawo, ndiye kuti machitidwewo atha kukondedwa ndi "kusankha kwamagulu azikhalidwe" ( ayi chinthu chomwecho monga kusankha gulu lachilengedwe, yomwe ndi njira yomwe anthu amasinthira kuti apindule ndi magulu awo pangozi yakubadwa kwawo, ndipo zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosafunikira ngati kufotokozera kwamachitidwe amunthu; kuti mumve zambiri onani nkhani ya Steven Pinker kapena ndemanga yanga m'buku). M'mbuyomu, magulu omwe ali ndi machitidwe amakhalidwe abwino amapatsa mphamvu magulu olowereredwa, komanso kutengera magulu ofooka omwe akufuna kutsanzira kupambana kwawo. Kudzera munjira izi, kupambana pamakhalidwe abwino kwachulukirachulukira ndikuwononga otayika.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, mbiya yopikisana yamagulu imagwira gawo lofunikira pakuzindikira kuti ndi machitidwe ati omwe akukwera ndi omwe akuwonongeka. Lingaliro ili silitanthauza chilichonse chonyodola pamakhalidwe: palibe chifukwa chilichonse kuchokera ku biology kuti mpikisano uwu uyenera kukhala wachiwawa (ndipo zowonadi, Pinker akutsutsa mokakamiza m'buku lake laposachedwa kuti lakhala lachiwawa kwambiri pakapita nthawi), komanso lopanda chiwawa, lopindulitsa mpikisano ukhoza kubweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa maubwino kwa anthu onse. Zomwe malingaliro awa akutanthauza ndikuti machitidwe akuyenera kukhala ocheperako posonyeza kukwiya, komanso pakupanga njira zomwe zithandizire kuti anthu azichita bwino mdziko lopikisana komanso losatha.

(Nkhani iyi idzawoneka ngati cholembera cha "Chilamulo Chachilengedwe" m'magazini ya banki Wosunga Padziko Lonse ).

Umwini Michael E. Price 2012. Ufulu wonse ndi wotetezedwa.