Mozart ndi Effort Paradox

Izi zidalembedwa ndi Joachim Krueger, Tanushri Sundar, Erin Gresalfi, ndi Anna Cohenuram.

"Palibe chilichonse padziko lapansi chomwe chili choyenera kuchita kapena choyenera kuchita pokhapokha zitanthauza khama, kuwawa, kuvutika ... Ndasilira anthu ambiri omwe amakhala moyo wovuta ndikuwatsogolera bwino. ” --Theodore Roosevelt ("Mfundo Zaku America Phunziro," 1910)

Kulumikizana pakati pa kuyesetsa ndi kuchita bwino kumadzala ndi zotsutsana. "Chododometsa cha kuyesayesa" ndiko kusamvana pakati pazomwe zimachitika pakulimbikira ndi zomwe munthu angachite posankha ntchito zolimbika (Inzlicht et al., 2018). Ngakhale mitundu yazachuma yazikhalidwe imawononga khama ngati mtengo, khama palokha limatha kuwonjezera phindu pazopindulitsa kapena kukhala zopindulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani, nthawi yomaliza yomwe munawerenga zosangalatsa kapena kusangalala ndi masewera ovuta a chess. Chisangalalo choterechi chitha kuwonetsa kukhutira ndi "kusowa kuzindikira," chizolowezi chofuna kuchita zinthu moganiza bwino (Cacioppo et al., 1996).

Chododometsa cha kuyeserera chimangodutsa payekha. Mwachitsanzo, zovuta za "Ice Bucket", zidathandizira kuthamanga kwa kafukufuku wa amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als.org). Ophunzira ataya madzi ozizira pamitu yawo, adapereka mabungwe a ALS, ndikulimbikitsa anzawo kuchita zomwezo. Izi ndi zotsatira zakuphedwa. Tikamazunzika kwambiri pazifukwa zachifundo, ndipamene timaperekanso zambiri. Ndipo pomwe ena amazunzika kwambiri pazifukwa zachifundo, ndipamene timapereka (Olivola & Shafir, 2018). Kuwonjezeka kwa chododometsa kwa ena kumawonjezera chidwi pakuyanjana kwamtengo wapatali ndikubweretsa funso losangalatsa. Kodi timakonda zotsatira za ena kukhala zopindulitsa?

Yankho lachilengedwe ndi "inde." Tikufuna kuti anthu azigwira ntchito kuti zinthu ziziwayendera bwino, chifukwa chake timawagwiritsa ntchito pazoyeserera zabwino kwambiri. Kupha kwanthano kwa Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ndi mdani wake Antonio Salieri amalankhula ndi izi. Ngakhale kuti Mozart ayenera kuti adamwalira ndi matenda (Borowitz, 1973), lingaliro la Salieri ngati wakupha wansanje lasangalatsa omvera kwazaka zambiri. Mufilimu yotchuka kwambiri Amadeus (1984), wopembedza Salieri amalimbana ndi chikhulupiriro chake, osamvetsetsa chifukwa chomwe Mulungu angaperekere luso lanyimbo kwa mwana wosakhwima komanso nthawi zina wonyansa. Mphatso ya Mozart imabwera mosavuta, Salieri akudandaula. Sanapeze. Salieri akuzunzidwa ndi funso lomwe tonse tili nalo, panthawi ina, tinadzifunsa kuti: Ngati mphatso yotereyi ilipo, bwanji sindinapatsidwe?

Nkhani yakusilira kwamtunduwu ikupitilira chifukwa imayambiranso. Kupyolera mu luso lachibadwa, machitidwe ndi Wunderkinder kudula kulumikizana pakati pa kuyesayesa ndi kuchita bwino, ndipo kuwonetsa koteroko kopanda umboni kumadzetsa zovuta kwa iwo omwe sagawana nawo mphatso yomweyi.

Potengera nyimbo ndi Mozart, tidapanga chithunzi kuti tione kuyeza kwa kuyesetsa kwa ena. Tidapanga zochitika zisanu ndi zinayi zoyeserera pakudutsa maluso atatu (zabwino, zabwino, zapamwamba) muchida choimbira chopangidwa, alireza , ndi maola ochita (ola limodzi, maola 5, maola 8 patsiku). Zojambulazo zikuwonetsedwa pa chithunzi pamwambapa. Mu Phunziro 1, tidafunsa omwe anafunsidwa kuti adziyese okha zomwe zingachitike poyeserera, ndipo mu Phunziro 2 tidawafunsa kuti azisanja zochitika za kuyeserera kwa anzawo. Tidaneneratu kuti omwe adafunsidwa mu Phunziro 1 angakonde kuyeserera kochepa komanso kuchita bwino kwambiri malinga ndi kukana mtengo, ndipo tidaneneratu kuti omwe adafunsidwa mu Phunziro 2 awonetsa kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa kuyesayesa ndi kuchita bwino, pomwe zinthu "zopezedwa mwakhama" ndizomwe zimakonda kwambiri .

Zotsatira - zowonetsedwa pachithunzipa pansipa - zidapezeka kuchokera kwa ophunzira pamaphunziro azisangalalo. Kwa iwo eni komanso ena, omwe adayankha adakonda nthawi yocheperako ndikuchita bwino kwambiri. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika pakuyeserera ngati ndalama zotsika mtengo. Ngakhale tidakhala ndi lingaliro loti zoyesayesa za kuyeserera zidzawoneka mu Phunziro 1, tidaneneratu molondola kuti malingaliro a hedonistic, ndiye kuti, kuyesayesa kuyeserera kungapambane. Pomwe kuyesayesa kumawerengedwa kuti ndiomwe amachititsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino (Weiner, 1985), malingaliro athu amawona kuyesetsa ngati chisankho chakunja. Mwakutero, kusankha zoyeserera kwa woyankha kuyenera kuti kumangokhala ndi malingaliro ofooka pazokha, ndipo omwe akuyankha atha kupeza phindu lochepa pakuchita khama kuposa momwe amafunikira. Phunziro 1 motero limatsimikizira lingaliro kuti khama ndi mtengo mu alireza mawonekedwe.

Chodabwitsachi chazovuta chimayamba pomwe chidziwitso cha Phunziro 1 chikayerekezeredwa ndi chidziwitso cha Phunziro 2. Tidachita zochitika zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri (ola limodzi, kalasi yapadziko lonse lapansi) ngati kufananitsa pakati pa zokonda zanu ndi zina. Zitsanzo ziwiri za Welch t- mayeso adawonetsa kuti omwe akutenga nawo mbali 222 pagulu lodziyesa lokha ( M = 1.57, SD = 1.65) poyerekeza ndi omwe ali nawo pagulu la 109 mgululi ( M = 2.45, SD = 2.51) anali ndi chidwi champhamvu kwambiri poyerekeza zochitika za ola limodzi lokhala ndi gawo lapadziko lonse lapansi, t ( 155.294) = 3.37, p 0.01, d = 0.42.

Ngakhale adakonda kuchita bwino m'maphunziro onse awiri, omwe anafunsidwa anali ndi chidwi chodzisankhira njira yotsika mtengo m'malo mochita anzawo anzawo. Zambiri zikuwonetsa kuti ndife ena, koma osapitirira malire, odana ndi mphatso ya talente yomweyo. Tikufuna kuyesetsa kuti tikhale njira yopambana ndi anzathu. Chifukwa chiyani?

Mwinanso, monga Salieri, tikuchenjera ndi talente yayikulu. Kugwira ntchito molimbika kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zikuwoneke ngati zotheka komanso zoyenera. Tikhozanso kukhumudwa kuti siife omwe tidapatsidwa luso losayerekezeka. Ndi malingaliro awa, zomwe zikuwonetsedwazi zikuwonetsa kukondera mosakondera. Zomwe zili zoyenera kwa ife ndizofunika kwambiri kuposa zomwe zili zachilungamo kwa ena (Messick & Sentis, 1978), pomwe timadziona kuti ndife osiyana ndi mfundo zomwe zimayang'anira anthu.

Ndipo monga Salieri, yemwe samayamikira changu cha Mozart, tikhoza kuyerekezera zoipa. Timawerengera mtengo womwe tadziika tokha (Wolfson & Salancik, 1977) ndikunyalanyaza zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa ena (Wirtz et al., 2004). Kugwira ntchito molimbika ndikosavuta kutulutsa kuposa kudya. Kapenanso, titha kuyerekezera molondola ndalama koma kusiya ntchito yolimbikira kuti tidziwe kuti ndife osangalala kuposa anzathu (Krueger, 2021).

Pulogalamu ya alireza vignette imawonjezera pakumveka kovuta. Poyesa zomwe ena achita, timayesetsa khama chifukwa ndi mtengo wake. Zikuwoneka kuti ntchito yabodza imagwira ntchito mwakhama.