Zododometsa mu Therapy: Kusewera Opolisi Oposa Onse Ndi Opanda Opusa

Kuyeserera kachitidwe ka apolisi ndikuphatikiza apolisi / zochitika zoyipa za polisi kwakhala ponseponse.Tsoka ilo, amasewera chifukwa cha kuseka (mwachitsanzo, kukokomeza), mawonekedwe oterewa chifukwa chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera njirayi kungakhale kothandiza modabwitsa. Ikhoza kukopa wina kuti apereke chidziwitso kapena kuvomereza china chake chomwe mwina sangachiganizire.

Mwachidule, munjira yoyeserera yotere, "wapolisi woipa" amafunsa wofunsidwayo mwankhanza, monga gawo la mapulani oti amukhumudwitse, kumuwopseza, kapena kumutsutsa. Ndipo kufunsa mwankhanza mwachilengedwe mwanjira yomwe amafunsidwayo kumawonjezera mantha komanso kauntala -kukhazikika.

Mosiyana ndi izi, "wapolisi wabwino," yemwe amatenga nawo mbali pazofufuza pokhapokha apolisi oyipa atakwanitsa kusiyanitsa womutsutsayo, akumakhazikitsa bata komanso kuwonetsa kumumvera. Kuphatikiza apo, wapolisi wabwino, yemwe mwina akumulimbikitsa wotsutsayo, akuwonetsa kuthekera kwa chilango chochepa ngati agwirizana.

Zomwe wonenedwayo sanazindikire ndikuti zonse ndizabodza: ​​ngakhale wapolisi alibe mbali yake, ndipo zonsezi ndi malingaliro amasewera omwe amupangitsa kuti apereke zina zowonjezera pakumuzenga mlandu. M'malo mwake, chidwi chawo chomupeza ndi mlandu chidawapangitsa kuti agwirizane wina ndi mnzake , mwa kunamizira kunyenga kuti sakugwirizana. Maganizo awo omwe amatsutsana ndi njira yanzeru, makamaka ngati woimbidwayo sanayankhe poyambirira, kuti amudzinamize.

Njira zobisalira zoterezi zadzudzulidwa ngati zosayenera - ndipo, nthawi zambiri, zimakhala zosafunikira. Koma ndi anthu osagwirizana, osalolera, izi zili ndi malo osungira ofisala kuti apeze chidziwitso chofunikira pamlandu. Kuphatikiza apo, njirayi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali m'malo opititsa patsogolo malamulo, nthawi zambiri pama zokambirana zabizinesi zovuta. Ndipo zodabwitsa, amatha kuyendetsedwa bwino ndi munthu m'modzi yemwe amasewera mbali ziwiri.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti makolo ena osakhutira aphunzira kutengera mayendedwe okhudzana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi achinyamata omwe ali ouma khosi, osamvera. Madokotala ambiri, nawonso-makamaka omwe amakonda kuchita zomwe amatchedwa achire chododometsa - tembenuzirani ku zida zovomerezekazi pomwe, mwachilengedwe, amaziona ngati zikutulutsa njira zochiritsira.

Ndipo, sizingasimbidwe mopitilira muyeso, kugwiritsa ntchito koteroko kumapindulitsa osati kwa iwo okha koma kwa kasitomala, popeza othandizira sangathe kuwonedwa ngati opondereza ngati maluso awo agwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pothandiza kasitomala.

Chofunikira kwambiri pakumvetsetsa kuyendetsa bwino kwa apolisi / oyipa apolisi ndikumvetsetsa psychology yomwe ikuwatsata. Zachidziwikire, pafupifupi aliyense amene amalankhulidwa mwansangala komanso mosamala amayankha bwino kuposa momwe amamufikira mwankhanza, kapena mwankhanza. Palinso chizoloŵezi chofuna kuyankha m'njira zogwirizana ndi momwe munthu adayankhulidwira, kubwezera kutentha ndi kutentha, kuzizira ndi kuzizira mobwerezabwereza.

Kuphatikiza wapolisi wabwino ndi wapolisi woyipa kumawonjezera chizolowezi chobadwa nacho ichi, kukulitsa mwayi woti kuchita zinthu modekha, momasuka kumapangitsa wolandirayo kuyamba mgwirizano wothandizana (motsutsana) ndi aliyense amene akufuna kusintha machitidwe ake.

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti mosasamala kanthu momwe makasitomala angawonekere kuti akusintha pakusintha moyo wawo, nthawi zonse amakhala ndi chidwi chambiri pantchitoyo. Ngakhale m'malo omwe angaganize kuti ndi osavuta, monga kusiya kusuta kapena kukhala wolimbikira, kuganizira mozama za kusintha kapena kuthetsa zizolowezi zoterezi kumatha kukulitsa nkhawa zawo, zomwe zimabwera chifukwa chotsutsana ndi chithandizo-monga kuzengereza, kupewa, kuyerekezera, ndi kusokoneza.

Kuti wothandizirayo apereke ulemu wotsika, kapena kutsutsa, kukana kwa kasitomala ndi kwachabechabe komanso kosaganizira ena chifukwa kasitomala mwina ali ndi chifukwa chomveka (ngakhale atakomoka) kuti asasiye zomwe zakhala zikuchitika. Ndipo ngati kukana kwawo tsopano "kwakhazikika," ndichifukwa chakuti kumachepetsa mantha amantha kapena manyazi.

Kupatula apo, kulingalira machitidwe awo osagwira bwino kumawathandiza kuti azimva kuti alibe mphamvu ndipo zimawathandiza kuthana ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku mopanikizika pang'ono, ngakhale mozindikira atha kufuna kusintha, mosazindikira atha kukhala okakamizidwa kuti achite nawo nkhondo. Ndipo kukhala "amalingaliro awiri" pachinthu china chimatanthauza kuti nkhondo yamkati ili pakati pa chikumbumtima, kumverera gawo laubongo wawo ndi gawo lazidziwitso, (kapena neo-cortical).

Kuganizira za malingaliro awa kumapereka lingaliro lothandiza la wothandizila kukhala ndi malingaliro omwe amawonetsa (popanda kulimbikitsa) kusamvana kwa kasitomala. Kuphatikiza pa njira zochiritsira zodabwitsazi, malingaliro omwe amadziwika kuti Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) nawonso ndiwodabwitsanso pomvera chisoni kukana kwamakasitomala osati (molunjika, mwina) kulimbikitsa kusintha.

Njira yolemekezekayi, yomwe idapangidwa kuti izikhala zidakwa osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pano ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana ovuta kusintha. Zimagwira ntchito molumikizana ndi kusamvana kwa kasitomala, kofananirako ndi kudzichepetsako komwe, modzikayikira mwamalingaliro. Kwa wothandizira amafufuza mosamala zomwe zingakhale zosokoneza kapena zowopsa pazakusinthaku, komanso ngati iyi ndi nthawi yabwino kuyitsatira.

Chifukwa chake othandizira, mwachitsanzo, amalangizidwa kuti apewe mikangano iliyonse, kuti azimvera chisoni pomwe kasitomala akukana kapena kubwezera m'mbuyo, ndikusaka zinthu zomwe sizigwiritsidwa ntchito moperewera zomwe angathe kuyamika kasitomala ndikuwalimbikitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito bwino.

Mwanjira ina, kudzera pakukhazikika ndikukhala ndi chizolowezi (mwachitsanzo, kulembera odwala matenda oletsedwa), "amatenga" gawo loyipa la kusamvana kwamakasitomala, kuti kasitomala athe kukhala ndi ufulu watsopano, ngakhale kumasulidwa, podziwa zambiri ndi gawo labwino ndipo, mwa kudziyimira pawokha, kukhala ndi chidziwitso chodzidalira.

Chilimbikitso chochokera mkati - makamaka kunja - chimawonjezera mwayi woti kasitomala "akhale" ndi kusintha kulikonse komwe kukuchitika, ndikudziyimira pawokha komwe kudawathawa kale. Kwa wothandizira amasiya dala zinthu kwa kasitomala, motsutsana ndi kusankha pawokha zomwe zili zabwino kwa iwo (ngakhale wothandizirayo amachita pafupipafupi, ngakhale atakhala osamala, afotokozere zomwe angafune).

Mawu ofunikira kwa asing'anga omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi yosintha:

[Cholinga] cha wothandizira ndikuthandizira kasitomala kuti amvetsetse bwino zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwake ndikuyamba kuwona zinthu zabwino zomwe akuwona. MET ikachitika moyenera, kasitomala osati wothandizirayo amadzinenera kuti akusintha. . . . Njirayi ingakhale yothandiza makamaka kwa makasitomala omwe amapereka motsutsana kwambiri ndipo amawoneka kuti amakana lingaliro lililonse kapena malingaliro aliwonse. (kuchokera Buku Lophunzitsira Lothandiza Kulimbikitsana, 1992)

Pambuyo pa MET, pali njira zambiri zodabwitsazi zomwe zimasokoneza komanso kudabwitsa makasitomala, modabwitsa kuti ziwayitane kuti apite mozama ndikuwunikanso zomwe zidakhazikika koma zodziwononga. Komabe, othandizirawa amadziwa kuti machitidwe oyipawa ali ndi mbali zina nawonso.

Buku langa lomwe pamutuwu ( Njira Zododometsa mu Psychotherapy, 1986), imafotokoza kuchuluka kwa njira zotsutsazi-komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito komanso chifukwa chake. Apa ndikungonena kuti ambiri adapangidwa kuti alimbikitse kusintha mwa kujowina kasitomala pakuwakayikira. Ngakhale mawu a wothandizirayo kwa kasitomala ndi abwino ("wapolisi wabwino") motsutsana ndi kuluma ("woyang'anira woyipa"), ndemanga zawo, nthawi yomweyo, zimawoneka ngati zatsitsa kusintha.

Ndipo izi zimatifikitsa komwe tidayambirako — kuti ndikumangodandaula kwamakasitomala komwe kumalepheretsa kusintha. Chifukwa chake othandizira amatha kuwonjezera mwayi wawo wopambana mwa kulemekeza mbali yovutayi yokhudzidwa ndi kasitomala.

Zili ngati kuti akatswiri akuyesetsa kuti apitilize, kapena kufewetsa, njira yolimba ya apolisi oyipitsidwa powaphatikiza ndi kumvetsetsa kwamapolisi abwino komanso kuwathandiza. Mwa kuwonetsa ndi kupereka ulemu wachifundo kwa kasitomala wosazindikira kuti sakufuna kusintha, zimalimbikitsa kasitomala -modziyimira-kuti azindikire mwamphamvu komanso modzipereka ku gawo labwino la malingaliro awo.

Kuzengereza kwa wodwalayo pofotokoza mokweza kuti "mwina izi zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kwa inu" - ngakhale pamene akugogomezera zomwe kasitomala amathandizira kuthana ndi kusinthaku - zitha kupangitsa kuti kasitomala ayankhe kuti: "Ayi, ndikuganiza angathe yambani kuchita zomwe takhala tikunena. Ndipo ichi nthawi ndikakhala ndi chitsogozo ndi chithandizo chochuluka kuposa kale. ”

© 2021 Leon F. Seltzer, Ph.D. Maumwini onse ndi otetezedwa.