Physicalism: Zomwe Philosophy Ino Ndi Chiyani Ndipo Zikupereka Chiyani

Zamkati

• Kodi kulimbitsa thupi ndi chiyani? Tiyeni tiwone malingaliro ake okhudzana ndi ontology komanso mawonekedwe amalingaliro.
• Kodi kulimbitsa thupi ndi chiyani?
• Kuchepetsa kwakuthupi: stratification
• Otsutsa kwambiri zakuthupi

Kodi kulimbitsa thupi ndi chiyani? Tiyeni tiwone malingaliro ake okhudzana ndi ontology komanso mawonekedwe amalingaliro.

Zomwe zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku zaumunthu, komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito ndi zochitika zenizeni, zimamupangitsa kuti aganizire kuti chilichonse chomuzungulira chili ndi zinthu ziwiri zotheka: chogwirika komanso chosagwirika. Kapena zomwezo ndizofanana: zomwe zimatha kuzindikira kapena kuzindikira popanda ziwalo za kutengeka.

Komabe, chowonadi ndichakuti "chithunzi" cha mphamvu zathu chimangolengeza mawonekedwe azinthu, nthawi zina zimasokeretsa kapena kupotoza, monga mzere wolunjika wa kuthambo (poyerekeza ndi kuzungulirazungulira kwa dziko lapansi) kapena kuyenda kowoneka bwino kwa dzuwa. (zomwe zimawoneka kuti zikuzungulira dziko lapansi osati njira ina).

Chophimba ichi, chokhala ndi malire a biology yathu, chidalimbikitsa kukayikira pakati pa akatswiri anzeru kwambiri m'mbiri yaposachedwa; amene amatenga umboni wa iwo omwe adawatsogolera pakufunafuna gawo loyambira pazinthu zonse padziko lapansi, kupyola ulamuliro wankhanza wa wowonera wamba.

Polimbana ndi kulumikizana uku, thupi ili , chitsanzo cha filosofi yomwe imayesa kuyankha chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu m'mbiri: ndi chiyani chomwe chimapanga zenizeni. Kwa zaka zambiri izi zidawoneka ngati njira yopezera zinthu zakuthupi mu gawo lina la Ontology, motsutsana ndi malingaliro a Plato ndi malingaliro a Cartesian. Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane.

Kodi kulimbitsa thupi ndi chiyani?

Physicalism ndi nthambi ya chidziwitso chaumunthu, omwe amati amafufuza zenizeni. Mu nthano yake yopeka iye amaganiza kuti zomwe zilipo ndizochepa mthupi, ndiye kuti, ndizofunika (kapena mphamvu yomwe imamveka ngati chinthu chilichonse chogwirika). Chifukwa chake ndi mtundu wa monism, womwe umachepetsa zovuta zakuthambo momwe timakhalira pazinthu zake zoyambirira, ndipo zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukonda chuma monga chisonkhezero chofotokozera malingaliro ake oyambira (komanso chilengedwe).

Maganizo awa adakhazikitsidwa ndi gawo lazakafukufuku wazaka zam'mbuyomu, ndichifukwa chake limaganiza kuti chinthu chomwe timatcha "moyo" ndi / kapena "chidziwitso" chiyeneranso kutengera zenizeni zenizeni. Mwanjira imeneyi, ubongo umakhala ngati othandizira pazinthu zonse zamatsenga, kukana kwathunthu kukhalapo kwa mzimu ndi / kapena Mulungu. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, maziko oyambira pafupifupi zipembedzo zonse adzakanidwa, wokhala m'malamulowa ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chotsutsana chomwe adakumana nacho kuyambira atabadwa.

Zowona zochitika zilizonse zamaganizidwe ngati epiphenomenon of organic, yomwe imatha kuchitidwa ndi mahomoni ndi ma neurotransmitters paubongo waubongo, inali kulimbana ndi malingaliro a dualist a Descartes (Cartesian dualism). Malinga ndi malingaliro anzeru zotere, okhala ndi miyambo yayitali mdziko lakale, zakuthupi (zazikulu) ndi zamaganizidwe (cogitans) ndizo zikuluzikulu ziwiri zenizeni (zonse zofunika mofananamo) ndipo zitha kulumikizana chimzake (zonse thupi komanso malingaliro atha kukhala chifukwa kapena zotsatira za chinthu kapena vuto).

Mfundo zakuthupi zitha kugwetsa malingaliro azamisala kuyambira m'munsi, popeza malingaliro amayenera kukhala chifukwa chakuthupi, popanda chifukwa chake ubale uliwonse womwe ungachitike ungachitike. Kutsatira lingaliro ili, maulalo omwe amapanga zochitika zilizonse azikhala ndi gawo logwirika, loti atha kusanthula ndikumvetsetsa ndi zida za sayansi yachilengedwe (ndichifukwa chake lingaliro lake lidayamikiridwa ngati filosofi yachilengedwe). Mwanjira imeneyi, njira zonse zamaganizidwe zimakhala ndi chifukwa chokhalira muubongo, ndipo kudzera mu kafukufuku wake zida zake ndi magwiridwe antchito zake zitha kupezeka. Chifukwa chake titha kuganiza kuti zinthu zamaganizidwe sizikhala zenizeni, koma kuti zimangodalira zathupi.

Thupi latsutsidwa ndi akatswiri ambiri, poganizira kuyerekezera kwake ndi kukonda chuma. Komabe, zimasiyana ndi izi ndikuphatikiza "mphamvu" ngati mawonekedwe amtundu wina kupatula chogwirika (zomwe kukonda chuma sizinaganizirepo), zomwe zimalola kuti zizolowere malo omwe sizinachitepo kanthu. (monga kufanana pakati pa malingaliro ndi ubongo).

Chifukwa chake, momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito amatuluka ngati lingaliro logwira ntchito lasayansi lomwe limachepetsa chilichonse kuzinthuzo, ndikuti kukhudzika kwa chiphunzitso chomwe chimayambira sichimabuka. Chifukwa chake, imasankha kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe, kuphatikiza kuthekera kwakuti zochitika za Psychology zitha kuchepetsedwa kukhala zamitsempha / zamoyo.

M'mizere yotsatirayi malingaliro ena ofunikira okhudzana ndi stratification adzafotokozedwa, omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera zakuchepetsa kwakuthupi, ndipo popanda izi ndizovuta kumvetsetsa mphamvu zake pakuchita.

Kuchepetsa kwakuthupi: stratification

Kuphatikizika kwa Cartesian kunalemba magawano azinthu zofunikira zenizeni, okhala ndi magawo awiri osiyana koma olumikizana kwambiri: nkhani ndi kulingalira kapena kuzindikira. Komabe, kulimbitsa thupi kumalimbikitsa dongosolo lovuta kwambiri pakukonzekera kwachilengedwe uku: stratification. Malingaliro ake amatanthauza kutsatizana kwa magawo ambiri, kutsatira mndandanda wazovuta zingapo zomwe zimayambira kuchokera pazofunikira mpaka kukwera pang'onopang'ono kupita kuzinthu zomangamanga.

Thupi la munthu aliyense limatha kukhala kudzikundikira kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, koma limakhala lotsogola kwambiri likamadzafika kumtunda kwa sikeloyo (monga maselo, zotupa, ziwalo, machitidwe, ndi zina zambiri) kuti zitheke ndikupanga chidziwitso. . Magulu apamwamba amakhala ndi mawonekedwe awo otsika kwathunthu, pomwe omwe amakhala pamakomo sadzakhala ndi tanthauzo la omwe akukhala pamwambapa (kapena amangoyimira pang'ono).

Chidziwitso chikhoza kukhala chinthu chodalira ntchito ya chiwalo (ubongo), chomwe sichingakhale chovuta kwambiri kuposa icho. Chifukwa chake, kuyesetsa kuti mumvetsetse (anatomy, function, etc.) kungatanthauze njira yophatikizira chidziwitso chazomwe mungaganizire, ndipo pamapeto pake njira yodziwira zomwe mukudziwa. Izi zikutsatira kuchokera apa kuti palibe lingaliro monga chenicheni chodziyimira pawokha zomwe zingapangitse kuti zitheke. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti gawo lam'mwambamwamba la utsogoleriwu lidzawonedwa kuchokera kuzomwe zidachitika, ndikupanga kufananirana wina ndi mnzake ndikumvetsetsa kuti tanthauzo lawo ndilofanana. Kuchokera pamtengo woterewu, zozizwitsa (zomangika zokha komanso zomveka bwino) zimadalira kokha mikhalidwe yakuthupi yomwe imapezeka mu biology.

Apa ndipomwe olemba ambiri amati Kuchepetsa kwathunthu kuthupi. Kudzudzula koteroko kumayang'ana (koposa zonse) pakupezeka kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa mulingo uliwonse, zomwe zingapangitse kufananirana kokwanira pakati pawo (gawo limodzi ndi zonse) kukhala kovuta ndipo kumasiya funso la ubale wapakati pamthupi osasunthika. . . Mitsinje yomwe anthu ambiri adakayikira mwamphamvu izi zokhudzana ndi zakuthupi zinali zotsutsana ndi kuchepetsa (chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa njira zake komanso kuperewera kwa zomwe zidachotsedwa) ndikuchotsa (komwe kumatsutsa kukhalapo kwa magulu kapena maudindo omwe angakhazikitsidwe pakati pawo).

Otsutsa kwambiri zakuthupi

Omutsutsa ake anali a Thomas Nagel (omwe adanenanso kuti kudzipereka kwaumunthu sikungamvetsetsedwe malinga ndi momwe thupi limakhalira, chifukwa limagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro ndi machitidwe ake) ndi a Daniel C. Dennett (ngakhale amathandizira kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, adayesetsa kuti asunge lingalirolo. yaufulu wakudzisankhira, popeza adazindikira kuti ndiumunthu wosatha). Kukana lamuloli, lomwe limapatsidwa phindu pazachipembedzo, zidakulitsanso madandaulo aomwe amaganiza masiku ano.

Ngakhale zonse zinali zotsutsana kwambiri ndi zakuthupi, zofunikira kwambiri zidachokera pakukonda kwamalingaliro (George Berkeley). Chiphunzitso chotere chamalingaliro (komanso chododometsa) sichinaganize zakuti pali china chilichonse, ndipo chimangoyang'ana kokha pamaganizidwe enieni. Kungakhale njira yolingalirira yomwe ikadakhala mkati mwazinthu zosafunikira, mpaka kufika poti nditenge dziko lopangidwa ndi chidziwitso chokha. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi thupi, malingaliro amatsutsa mwamphamvu za Cartesian dualism (popeza ndi momwe zimakhalira), ngakhale kutero mosemphana ndi wakale.

Masomphenya opatsa chidwiwo amatha kupeza zenizeni mwa munthu amene akuganiza, ndipo ndiye wothandizira pomanga chilichonse chomwe amadziwa. Mwakulingalira uku, pali mitundu iwiri ingathe kusiyanitsidwa: yopitilira muyeso (malinga ndi zomwe zonse zomwe zimakhalapo pamaso pa owonerera zimapangidwa ndi iye yekha pakuzindikira, kotero sipangakhale china chilichonse kunja kwa zomwe wowonayo akuchita. ) ndi zolimbitsa thupi (zenizeni zitha kusinthidwa ndimomwe munthu amaganizira, m'njira yoti munthuyo azitha kuwona zinthu kutengera momwe amaganizira komanso momwe akumvera).

Mtsutso pakati pa mbali ziwirizi ukugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano, ndipo ngakhale pali mfundo zina zakuyanjana (monga kutsimikiza kwathunthu zakupezeka kwa malingaliro, ngakhale pali kusiyanasiyana kwa malingaliro), malingaliro awo amakhala osagwirizana. Chifukwa chake, amaganiza kuti njira zotsutsana zakuzindikira dziko lapansi, zomwe zimayambira mu funso lomwe mwina ndilo funso lofunikira kwambiri lomwe filosofi ili nalo m'mabuku ake: munthu ndi ndani ndipo ndi zenizeni zenizeni momwe amakhalira?