Ma Yunivesite 10 Akale Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Lapansi

Zamkati

• Awa ndi mayunivesite akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, komwe amakhala ndi chaka chawo chamaziko.
• Awa ndi mayunivesite akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, komanso komwe amapezeka
• 1. Yunivesite ya Bologna, Italy (1088)
• 2. Yunivesite ya Oxford, UK (1096)
• 3. Yunivesite ya Cambridge, UK (1209)
• 4. Yunivesite ya Salamanca, Spain (1218)
• 5. Yunivesite ya Padua, Italy (1222)
• 6. Yunivesite ya Naples Federico II, Italy (1224)
• 7. Yunivesite ya Siena, Italy (1240)
• 8.Yunivesite ya Valladolid, Spain (1241)
• 9.Yunivesite ya Murcia, Spain (1272)
• 10. University of Coimbra, Portugal (1290)
• Kutchulidwa kwapadera
• 1. Nalanda University, India (450)
• 2. Yunivesite ya Al-Karaouine, Morocco (859)
• 3. Yunivesite ya Al-Azhar, Egypt (972)
• 4. Yunivesite ya Al-Nizamiyya, Iraq (1065)

Awa ndi mayunivesite akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, komwe amakhala ndi chaka chawo chamaziko.

Tikamalankhula za mayunivesite, malo amabwera m'maganizo pomwe anthu ambiri, nthawi zina ochokera kumadera akutali kwambiri, amagawana mitundu yonse yazidziwitso, amalimbikitsa kulingalira ndi kulingalira mozama.

Ngakhale lero pali mayunivesite masauzande ambiri omwe titha kuwapeza padziko lonse lapansi, poyambirira mabungwewa anali osowa ndipo anali ochepa ku kontinenti yaku Europe, bola ngati tikufuna mabungwe omwe akugwirizana ndi tanthauzo lakale la "yunivesite".

Pansipa tidzazindikira omwe ndi mayunivesite akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, kuwonjezera pakuwona komwe adachokera ndipo titenga mwayiwu kutchula mwapadera mabungwe omwe, ngakhale sanatuluke ngati mayunivesite, ali ndi zambiri zochita nawo.

Awa ndi mayunivesite akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, komanso komwe amapezeka

Mayunivesite ndi malo ogawana zikhalidwe, chidziwitso cha mitundu yonse komanso olimbikitsa kuganiza mozama ndikusinkhasinkha. Dziko lomwe lilibe mayunivesite ndi dziko lochepa kwambiri, lomwe lilibe zambiri zoti lipereke padziko lonse lapansi malinga ndi chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro. Mayunivesite akhala, makamaka mdziko loyamba, injini zachuma komanso zikhalidwe zofunika kwambiri monga mafakitale, malonda ndi zokopa alendo.

Mabungwe oyamba omwe amatchedwa "mayunivesite" adachokera ku Europe wakale. Panthawiyi panali malo otchedwa "studium generale" kapena "maphunziro wamba", malo omwe maphunziro osiyanasiyana amaphunzitsidwa.

Komanso, maphunziro wamba anali atayambira m'masukulu akale akale omwe anali otsegulira amuna osapembedza. Ngakhale mutu wakuti "yunivesite" sukadakhalapo mpaka 1254, pali malo ophunzitsira asanafike tsikuli omwe amadziwika kuti ndi mayunivesite oyamba.

1. Yunivesite ya Bologna, Italy (1088)

Sizikudziwika kuti University of Bologna idakhazikitsidwa liti, koma ndizovomerezeka kuti iyenera kuti inali pafupifupi 1088. Iyi ndi yunivesite yoyamba yomwe idakhazikitsidwa, ngakhale liwu loti "yunivesite" ndi lingaliro kumbuyo kwake sizingachitike mpaka zaka mazana awiri pambuyo pake.

Yunivesite ya Bologna amadziwika poyambitsa maphunziro apamwamba kumayiko akumadzulo ndipo, kwa zaka 30, wakhala malo omwe Mgwirizano wa Bologna unayambira, pomwe mayunivesite aku Europe amaphatikiza mapulani ogwirizira omwe akhazikitsa mayendedwe ophunzitsira ngati njira yothandizira kuzindikira kuvomerezana kwamaphunziro.

Poyamba anali katswiri wazamalamulo ndipo anali ndi mbiri yayikulu pachilamulochi. Mwa anthu odziwika bwino omwe adakhalapo m'makalasi ake tili ndi Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Thomas Becket, Erasmus waku Rotterdam, Copernicus, Marconi ndi Umberto Eco. Lero ophunzira pafupifupi 80,000 adalembetsa.

2. Yunivesite ya Oxford, UK (1096)

Monga ndi Bologna, sizikudziwika kuti University of Oxford idakhazikitsidwa liti, pokumbukira kuti iyenera kuti inali pafupifupi 1096. Mu 1167 King Henry II waku England adaletsa Chingerezi kuphunzira ku France, zomwe Ophunzirawo akuwonjezeka ku yunivesiteyi ndipo, kuyambira pamenepo, idakhala malo ophunzirira otchuka mdziko la Anglo-Saxon. Pakadali pano imadziwika kwambiri ndi mapulogalamu ake aumunthu.

Mwa ophunzira ake odziwika kwambiri tili ndi John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Indira Ghandi, Adam Smith, Albert Einstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Hawking ndi Richard Dawkins. Pafupifupi 50 mwa omaliza maphunziro awo adalandirapo mphotho ya Nobel ndipo, lero, bungweli limalandira ophunzira a 20,000, osankhidwa mosamala pazoyenera zawo.

3. Yunivesite ya Cambridge, UK (1209)

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa University of Cambridge kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi Oxford. Mu 1209 gulu la ophunzira ku Oxford lidachoka pamalowa ku Cambridge ataphedwa ophunzira awiri omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wogwiririra. Pakapita nthawi, Cambridge idakhazikitsidwa ngati gulu lochita bwino komanso lophunzira ndipo, pofika 1231, yunivesiteyi idalandila ndikutetezedwa ndi Henry III. Mwa izi pakhoza kukhala mkangano pakati pa Oxford ndi Cambridge, ukupitilizabe mpaka pano.

Ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi odziwika kwambiri ndi awa Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Bacon, Stephen Hawking, Hugh Laurie, Stephen Fry, John Milton, Alan Turing, Charles waku Wales, Emma Thompson, ndi Sacha Baron Cohen. Ndizosangalatsa kuposa Oxford, popeza Cambridge yatulutsa olandila 90 a Nobel. Amadziwika bwino kwambiri mu sayansi.

4. Yunivesite ya Salamanca, Spain (1218)

Mu 1218 kafukufuku wamba wa Salamanca adakhazikitsidwa, chaka chomwe chimatengedwa ngati tsiku loyambira kuyunivesite yomwe ilipo. Mu 1253 University of Salamanca idalandira dzina ili ndi lamulo la King Alfonso X Wanzeru, kukhala yunivesite yakale kwambiri yolankhula Chisipanishi padziko lapansi. Mu 1255 Papa Alexander IV adazindikira kuvomerezeka kwa madigiri omwe amaperekedwa mmenemo, ndikumupatsa mwayi wokhala ndi chidindo chake.

Popeza idakhazikitsidwa, yakhalabe yogwira ntchito pafupifupi zaka mazana asanu ndi atatu, ili ndi ophunzira ofunikira ngati mbiri yaku Spain komanso chikhalidwe chawo monga Fray Luis de León, Fernando de Rojas, Hernán Cortés, Luis de Góngora, Calderón de la Barca ndi Miguel de Unamuno, yemwe sanali wophunzira chabe komanso woyang'anira. Pakadali pano ili ndi ophunzira 30,000.

5. Yunivesite ya Padua, Italy (1222)

Monga zidachitikira Oxford ndi Cambridge, ku Italy kunalinso magawo. Mu 1222 gulu la ophunzira ndi apulofesa ochokera ku University of Bologna, wofunitsitsa kukhala ndi ufulu wofotokozera, anasamukira ku Padua ndipo, pamenepo, adakhazikitsa zomwe pamapeto pake zidzakhala University yatsopano.

Mwa ophunzira abwino kwambiri m'bungwe lino tili ndi anthu monga Nicolás Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Gabriele Falloppio ndi Mario Rizzetto. Lero lili ndi ophunzira 60,000.

6. Yunivesite ya Naples Federico II, Italy (1224)

Izi zidakhazikitsidwa ndi Frederick II ku 1224, ngakhale dzina lachifumu silinawonjezedwe mpaka 1987. University of Naples inali yunivesite yoyamba yakudziko padziko lapansi ndipo, lero, ali ndi ophunzira 100,000.

7. Yunivesite ya Siena, Italy (1240)

University of Siena idakhazikitsidwa ku 1240 ndipo idalandira madalitso apapa ku 1252. Mwa aphunzitsi odziwika bwino tili ndi Pietro Ispano, yemwe pambuyo pake adadzakhala Papa John XXI.

Bungweli limadziwika kwambiri ndi masukulu ake azamalamulo ndi zamankhwala, kulandira ophunzira pafupifupi 20,000 pachaka.

8.Yunivesite ya Valladolid, Spain (1241)

University of Valladolid ndi ena mwa mabungwe apamwamba kwambiri omwe titha kupeza ku Spain. Monga m'mayunivesite ena ambiri aku Europe, pali malingaliro angapo pamaziko ake, omwe amavomerezedwa kwambiri kuti idakhazikitsidwa ku 1241 ndipo akukhulupirira kuti ndi chifukwa cha kusamutsidwa kwa General Study of Palencia. Pakadali pano ili ndi ophunzira pafupifupi 25,000.

9.Yunivesite ya Murcia, Spain (1272)

Ngakhale zimanenedwa kuti idakhazikitsidwa ndi Alfonso X mu 1272, sizimveka bwino. Ngakhale pakadali pano ndi yunivesite yochepetsetsa, yophimbidwa ndi mabungwe ena omwe adakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pake monga University of Barcelona, ​​Complutense of Madrid kapena University of Valencia, zakhala zikuchitika Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zikhalidwe zomwe zidachitika mu Middle Ages. Pakadali pano ili ndi ophunzira pafupifupi 30,000.

10. University of Coimbra, Portugal (1290)

University of Coimbra idakhazikitsidwa ndi King Dionysius I waku Portugal ku 1290, kulandira chaka chomwecho mdalitso wapapa. Mu 1377 yunivesite idasamutsidwira ku likulu, Lisbon, komwe idakhalako mpaka 1537 itabwerera ku Coimbra. Kuyambira mu June 2013 ali ndi mwayi wokhala ngati World Heritage Site ndipo, pakadali pano, anthu pafupifupi 20,000 amaphunzira pamenepo. Amapereka dzina lake ku gulu la Coimbra, bungwe lomwe limabweretsa mayunivesite abwino kwambiri ku 38, kuphatikiza Salamanca.

Kutchulidwa kwapadera

Monga tidanenera, lingaliro la "yunivesite" ndi laku Europe. Poyambira anali Papa waku Roma yemwe adatenga ufulu wodziwa kuti sukulu yophunzitsa maphunziro ngati yunivesite kudzera mwa ng'ombe zapapa zomwe zidatsimikizira izi. Mwanjira ina, Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi chimene chinaganiza zoti apereke digiri ya kuyunivesite ku likulu la maphunziro apamwamba. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, polankhula ndikutenga lingaliro lakumadzulo kwayunivesite, Chisilamu, Chibuda kapena bungwe ladziko silinali yunivesite chifukwa sanazindikiridwe choncho ndi Papa komanso sichinali Chikhristu.

Koma izi siziri choncho. Masiku ano mayunivesite okha omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi chilolezo cha Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi omwe amadzitcha kuti mayunivesite achikatolika. Mayunivesite opitilira 20000 padziko lonse lapansi sanalandire digirii zawo chifukwa Papa wasankha motero, koma chifukwa akwaniritsa njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingawoneke ngati malo opitilira kufalitsa chidziwitso cha mitundu yonse.

Yunivesite imamvedwa ngati malo omwe chidziwitso chilichonse chimagawana, kaya ndi zogwirizana ndi chipembedzo. Ngati tingaganizire izi ndikuwunikiranso malo omwe agwirapo ntchitoyi m'mbiri yonse, tili nawo mayunivesite akunja kwa Europe omwe ndi achikulire kwambiri kuposa University of Bologna. M'malo mwake, titha kunena kuti yunivesite yoyamba yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku Europe ikhala Plato's Academy ku Athens, pafupifupi 388 BC, yomwe ambiri amaganiza kuti idakhala ngati chitsanzo kumayunivesite akale.

Chotsatira tipeza malo anayi ophunzirira omwe angaganizidwe kuti ndi mayunivesite, malinga ndi momwe amaphunzitsira ngati malo apamwamba.

1. Nalanda University, India (450)

Nalanda University inali bungwe lachi Buddha lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1193, lomwe linasowa patatha zaka 800 pambuyo poti Asilamu aku Turkey motsogozedwa ndi Muhammad Bajtiar Jalgi. M'masiku ake olemekezeka anali ndi ophunzira ku 10,000 ophunzira. Inayambitsidwanso mu 2014 pamsasa watsopano womwe uli pamtunda wa 10 kilomita kuchokera pomwe idalipo.

2. Yunivesite ya Al-Karaouine, Morocco (859)

Al-Karaouine kapena Qarawiyyin University mwina ndi yunivesite yakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Ili ku Fez, Morocco, nkhani yomwe idakhazikitsidwa idasangalatsa kwambiri, chifukwa ndi amodzi mwamayunivesite ochepa kwambiri padziko lapansi omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi mayi, Fatima al-Fihri, wamaphunziro abwino ndi chuma, yemwe anali kusala kudya Zaka 18 zidatenga kuti apange yunivesite iyi. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, sizinachitike mpaka posachedwa pomwe azimayi amaloledwa kulembetsa nawo bungweli.

Yunivesiteyi imaphatikizidwa ku UNESCO ndipo imapezekanso mu Guinness Book of Records. Osatengera izi, mutu wa "yunivesite" womwewo udalandiridwa mu 1963, kusiya udindo wake wakale ngati madrassa. Ntchito yake yoyambayo ndiyosiyana kwambiri ndi pano, popeza koyambirira kwake inali malo ophunzitsira achisilamu ngati ena onse, pomwe lero agwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chonyenga.

3. Yunivesite ya Al-Azhar, Egypt (972)

Yunivesite ina yofunikira mdziko lachiSilamu ndi Al-Azhar. Ili ku Cairo, yunivesiteyi, yomwe pano sikupezeka, lakhala bungwe lakale kwambiri lazachipembedzo mdziko lachi Muslim. Amadziwika kuti ndiotchuka kwambiri, makamaka ngati muphunzira zachipembedzo cha Sunni.

4. Yunivesite ya Al-Nizamiyya, Iraq (1065)

Pomaliza tili ndi Al-Nizamiyya University of Baghdad. Poyambirira, inali gawo la masukulu angapo omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi Nizam al-Mulk, kazembe waku Iran, Vizier wa mafumu aku Seljuk. Maphunziro ake oyambilira amaphatikiza maphunziro achipembedzo achisilamu, mabuku achiarabu, malamulo achisilamu, ndiye kuti, Sharia, ndi masamu. Momwemonso University of Bologna idatengera chitsanzo chamayunivesite am'mbuyomu ku Europe, Al-Nizamiyya adatumikira kumayunivesite adziko lachiarabu.