Nthano Ya Phanga la Plato (kutanthauza kuti Mbiri ya Mbiriyi)

Zamkati

• Fanizo lomwe limayesera kufotokoza zenizeni ziwiri zomwe timazindikira.
• Plato ndi nthano yake yonena za phanga
• Kuwala ndi mithunzi: lingaliro lokhala mu zenizeni zopeka
• Nthano ya phanga lero
• 1. Zochenjera ndi zonama
• 2. Kumasulidwa
• 3. Kukwera kumwamba
• 4. Kubweranso

Fanizo lomwe limayesera kufotokoza zenizeni ziwiri zomwe timazindikira.

Nthano ya Plato yonena za phanga ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zonena za malingaliro anzeru zomwe zawonetsa malingaliro azikhalidwe zaku Western.

Kumvetsetsa kumatanthauza kudziwa masitaelo amalingaliro omwe kwazaka mazana ambiri akhala akulamulira ku Europe ndi America, komanso maziko a malingaliro a Plato. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zimapangidwa.

Plato ndi nthano yake yonena za phanga

Nthano iyi ndi nthano chabe ya malingaliro a Plato, ndipo imapezeka m'malemba omwe ali m'buku la Republic. Ndiko, makamaka, kufotokozera kwa zongopeka zomwe adathandizira kumvetsetsa momwe Plato adakhalira pakati pa zakuthupi ndi zamalingaliro, komanso momwe timadutsamo.

Plato amayamba ndikulankhula za amuna ena omwe amangiriridwa pansi pa phanga kuyambira pomwe adabadwa, sanathenso kutuluka ndipo, osatha kuyang'ananso kuti amvetsetse komwe unyolo uja udachokera.

Chifukwa chake, nthawi zonse amakhala akuyang'ana khoma limodzi la phanga, maunyolo akumata kumbuyo kwawo. Kumbuyo kwawo, mtunda wina ndikuyika pamutu pawo, pali moto wamoto womwe umaunikira malowa pang'ono, ndipo pakati pake ndi omangidwa pali khoma, lomwe Plato amafanana ndi zinyengo zomwe zimachitika ndi achinyengo ndi opusitsa. kotero kuti zidule zawo sizizindikirika.

Pakati pa khoma ndi moto pali amuna ena omwe amanyamula ndi zinthu zomwe zimayang'ana pamwamba pa khoma, kotero kuti mthunzi wawo waonekera pakhoma kuti amuna omwe adamangidwa maunyolo akuganizira. Mwanjira iyi, amawona mawonekedwe amitengo, nyama, mapiri patali, anthu omwe amabwera ndi kupita, ndi zina zambiri.

Kuwala ndi mithunzi: lingaliro lokhala mu zenizeni zopeka

Plato ananenetsa kuti, zodabwitsa monga zochitikazo, amuna omangidwawo omwe amawamasulira amafanana ndi ife anthu, popeza iwo kapena ife sitikuwona zoposa mithunzi yabodzayi, yomwe imatsanzira zenizeni zonyenga komanso zopanda pake. Nthano iyi yowonetsedwa ndikuwala kwa moto wamoto imawasokoneza kuchokera ku chenicheni: phanga momwe amakhalabe omangidwa.

Komabe, ngati m'modzi mwa amunawo atadzimasula ku unyolo ndikuyang'ana kumbuyo, angasokonezeke ndikukhumudwitsidwa ndi zenizeni : kuwala kwa moto kumamupangitsa kuti ayang'ane kwina, ndipo mawonekedwe omwe amawoneka olakwika angawoneke ngati achichepere kuposa omwe amakhoza kuwona. mithunzi mwawona moyo wanu wonse. Momwemonso, ngati wina angakakamize munthuyu kuyenda molowera pamoto ndikuwudutsa mpaka atatuluka kuphanga, kuwala kwa dzuwa kumawasautsa kwambiri, ndipo angafune kubwerera kumalo amdimawo.

Kuti mumvetse zenizeni m'mbali zake zonse, muyenera kuzolowera, kuthera nthawi ndi khama kuti muwone zinthu momwe ziliri osataya chisokonezo ndi kukhumudwa. Komabe, ngati nthawi ina abwerera kuphanga ndikukumana ndi amuna omwe adamangidwa maunyolo nawonso, amakhala khungu chifukwa chosowa dzuwa. Momwemonso, chilichonse chomwe anganene chokhudza zenizeni chidzakumana ndi kusekedwa ndi kunyozedwa.

Nthano ya phanga lero

Monga tawonera, nthano yapa phanga imabweretsa pamodzi malingaliro angapo ofala pazamaganizidwe: kukhalapo kwa chowonadi chomwe chimakhalapo popanda malingaliro amunthu, kupezeka kwachinyengo chanthawi zonse chomwe chimatipangitsa kuti tisayandikire. chowonadi, ndikusintha kwamakhalidwe komwe kumakhudzana ndi kupeza chowonadi ichi: chikadziwika, palibe kubwerera mmbuyo.

Zosakaniza izi zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku, makamaka momwe atolankhani komanso malingaliro okokomeza amapangira malingaliro athu ndi malingaliro athu osazindikira. Tiyeni tiwone momwe magawo a nthanthi ya phanga la Plato angafanane ndi moyo wathu wapano:

1. Zochenjera ndi zonama

Zinyengo, zomwe zitha kubwera chifukwa chofunitsitsa kuti ena azikhala opanda chidziwitso kapena chifukwa chosowa kupita patsogolo kwasayansi ndi filosofi, zitha kukhala chodabwitsa cha mithunzi yomwe imayendera khoma laphanga. M'malingaliro a Plato, chinyengo ichi sichiri kwenikweni chipatso cha cholinga cha wina, koma zotsatira zakuti zenizeni zakuthupi zimangowonetsera chowonadi chenicheni: cha dziko la malingaliro.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimafotokozera chifukwa chomwe bodza limakhudzira moyo wamunthu ndikuti, kwa wafilosofi wachi Greek uyu, amapangidwa ndi zomwe zimawoneka ngati zowonekera pang'ono. Ngati tilibe chifukwa chofunsira zinazake, sititero, ndipo kunama kwake kumafalikira.

2. Kumasulidwa

Kuchimasula maunyolo kungakhale kupanduka komwe nthawi zambiri timatcha kusintha, kapena kusintha kwa paradigm. Zachidziwikire, sizovuta kupanduka, chifukwa chikhalidwe chonse chimapita mbali ina.

Poterepa sikungakhale kusintha kwachikhalidwe, koma payekha komanso payekha. Kumbali inayi, kumasulidwa kumatanthauza kuwona zikhulupiriro zambiri zomwe zili mkati mwake zikutha, zomwe zimabweretsa kusatsimikizika ndi nkhawa. Kuti dziko lino lisowa, ndikofunikira kupitilirabe patsogolo pakupeza chidziwitso chatsopano. Sizingatheke kukhala osachita chilichonse, malinga ndi Plato.

3. Kukwera kumwamba

Kukwera ku chowonadi kungakhale njira yokwera mtengo komanso yosasangalatsa yomwe imafuna kuleka wogwidwa kwambiri zikhulupiriro. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikusintha kwakukulu kwamaganizidwe komwe kumawonekera pakusiya zitsimikiziro zakale ndikutsegulira zowonadi, zomwe Plato ndiye maziko azomwe zilipo (mwa ife komanso potizungulira).

Plato adaganiziranso momwe zinthu zam'mbuyomu za anthu momwe akumvera pakadali pano, ndichifukwa chake adaganiza kuti kusintha kwakukulu m'njira yakumvetsetsa zinthu kumayenera kuyambitsa kusapeza bwino komanso kusapeza bwino. M'malo mwake, iyi ndi imodzi mwamaganizidwe omwe akuwonekeratu posonyeza nthawi imeneyo kudzera mu chithunzi cha munthu amene akuyesera kuti atuluke m'phanga m'malo mokhala chete ndipo yemwe, akafika panja, amalandila kuwala kwakumbuyo kwa chipinda . zenizeni.

4. Kubweranso

Kubweranso kudzakhala gawo lomaliza la nthanoyo, yomwe ingaphatikizepo kufalitsa malingaliro atsopano, zomwe, chifukwa ndizododometsa, zimatha kubweretsa chisokonezo, kunyoza kapena kudana poyambitsa zikhulupiriro zoyambira zomwe zimakhazikitsa gulu.

Komabe, ponena za Plato lingaliro la chowonadi limalumikizidwa ndi lingaliro la zabwino ndi zabwino, munthu amene adapeza zowona zenizeni ali ndi udindo wokakamiza anthu ena kudzimasula ku umbuli, chifukwa chake ayenera kufalitsa chidziwitso.

Momwemonso monga mphunzitsi wake, Socrates, Plato ankakhulupirira kuti misonkhano yachiyanjano yokhudzana ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi yocheperapo ndi ukoma womwe umadza chifukwa chofikira chidziwitso choona. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale malingaliro a iwo omwe amabwerera kuphanga ndi odabwitsa komanso obweretsa mavuto ena, udindo wogawana chowonadi umawakakamiza kuthana ndi mabodza akale.

Lingaliro lotsiriza limapangitsa phanga la Plato kukhala nthano osati nkhani yeniyeni ya kumasulidwa kwa munthu aliyense. Ndilo lingaliro la mwayi wodziwa zomwe imayamba kuchokera pamalingaliro amunthu payekha, inde: ndi munthu yemwe, mwa njira zake, amapezera chowonadi kudzera pakulimbana ndi zonyenga ndi chinyengo, china chake chomwe chimafikira m'njira zoyeserera chokhazikitsidwa ndi solipsism. Komabe, munthuyo akafika pagawo limenelo, ayenera kubweretsa chidziwitso kwa enawo.

Inde, lingaliro logawana chowonadi ndi ena silinali kwenikweni machitidwe a demokalase, monga momwe timamvetsetsa lero; linali chabe lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino lomwe linachokera ku malingaliro a Plato a malingaliro, ndipo chimenecho sichinafunikire kutanthauzira mu kusintha kwa mikhalidwe yakuthupi ya moyo m'chitaganya.