Mbali Yachikhalidwe cha Nikotini

"Kusiya kusuta ndichinthu chophweka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndikudziwa chifukwa ndazichita kambirimbiri . "- Maliko Twain.

Nchifukwa chiyani anthu ali ndi vuto lalikulu losiya kusuta?

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndudu ndichimodzi mwazangozi zazikulu zathanzi. M'malo mwake, ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe amafa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ndudu chaka chilichonse ndiochulukirapo kuposa omwe amwalira ndi kachilombo ka HIV, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mowa, ngozi zapamsewu, komanso kufa kwachiwawa kuphatikiza . Kuphatikiza pa kukulitsa chiopsezo cha khansa yambiri, matenda amtima, matenda ashuga, ndi matenda ena ambiri, kusuta fodya kumalumikizidwanso ndi kuchepa kwa chonde, kukhala ndi thanzi losauka, kusiya ntchito, komanso kulipira ndalama zambiri kuchipatala.

Ngakhale kuti izi ndizodziwika bwino, palinso chinthu china chokhudza kusuta fodya chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa: Ndi kwambiri osokoneza. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za World Health Organisation, pali osuta oposa biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi (kuphatikiza pafupifupi 16% ya anthu aku America). Pafupifupi, 75 peresenti ya osuta onse amafotokoza kuti akufuna kusiya ntchito nthawi ina, ngakhale ambiri atha kubwerera m'mbuyo pamapeto pake.

Pofuna kumvetsetsa chomwe chimapangitsa kuti fodya azisokoneza kwambiri, ofufuza apeza momwe chikonga ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka mu fodya zingakhudze ubongo wa munthu. Zachidziwikire pali umboni wosonyeza kuti kusuta fodya nthawi zonse kumatha kubweretsa kudalira thupi komanso kusiya zotsatira zofananira ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi zinthu zina zama psychoactive.

Koma kodi izi ndi zokwanira kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu amakonda kubwerera m'mbuyo? Kusanthula kwatsopano kwa meta kofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepalayi Kuyesa Kwachipatala ndi Chipatala akutsutsa kuti sichoncho. Yolembedwa ndi Lea M. Martin ndi Michael A. Sayette aku University of Pittsburgh, kafukufuku wawo akuwunika momwe zinthu zikhalidwe zimathandizira pakusuta komanso zomwe zingatanthauze anthu omwe akuyesera kusiya.

Monga momwe Martin ndi Sayette ananenera m'mawu awo, kumwerekera ndi chikonga sikokwanira pakokha kufotokoza chifukwa chake osuta amalephera kusiya. Ngakhale chithandizo chobwezeretsa chikonga chimapezeka paliponse, chiwongola dzanja chenicheni chothandiza anthu kusiya kusuta sichinasinthe kwenikweni. Komanso, omwe amasuta mosasamala nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zovuta kusiya kusiya kusuta fodya - ngakhale samatenga mulingo wa chikonga chofunikira kuti apange zotsatira zakutha.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, ofufuza akhala akuyang'anitsitsa momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito fodya komanso momwe angathandizire kusuta kwa anthu ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kusuta kumakhala kofala kwambiri mwa anthu omwe akukumana ndi mavuto azachuma kapena amasowekera pagulu. Izi zikuphatikiza anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amisala amitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe amakhala osuta kawiri poyerekeza ndi omwe alibe matenda amisala.

Kusuta ndikofala kwambiri m'ndende momwe ndudu ndi fodya zakhala ndalama zosasinthika pakati pa akaidi. Kusuta kumawonekeranso mwa anthu ochepa (kuphatikiza amitundu komanso azigonana), komanso pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi maphunziro ochepa komanso azachuma. Ambiri mwa magulu omwewo omwe ali pamavuto amawonetsanso zosowa zakuthupi, komanso kuti sangakwanitse kusiya kusiyana ndi anthu wamba.

Chinthu china chimene ofufuza akhala akunyalanyaza mpaka pano ndi gawo lomwe kusuta kumachita mukamacheza. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina wa 2009, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ndudu zonse zomwe zimasuta zimasutidwa ndi anthu m'malo ochezera, ndipo ambiri omwe amasuta, akaona anthu ena akusuta, amatha kudzisuta okha. Ngakhale poyerekeza omwe amasuta pafupipafupi ndi iwo omwe amangosuta pafupipafupi, izi zimayimirabe.

M'mafukufuku aposachedwa ochokera ku United Kingdom, omwe amasuta fodya nthawi zambiri amawona kucheza ndi ena mwa zifukwa zawo zazikulu zosuta, chomwe chimachitika makamaka kwa osuta omwe sanakwanitse zaka 35. Ngakhale "osuta anzawo," omwe mwina sakanasuta okha, nthawi zambiri chitani izi kumaphwando ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi gulu.

Ngakhale kulumikizana uku pakati pa kusuta ndi kucheza kumakhala kofanana ndi zinthu zina zosokoneza bongo, monga mowa ndi chamba, sizikudziwika bwinobwino chifukwa chake kulumikizana kotere kulipo. Izi zimatifikitsa pantchito yomwe kudalira kwa chikonga ndi kudzipatulira kumatha kugwira ntchito limodzi. Pakusanthula kwawo kwa meta, Martin ndi Sayette adasanthula maphunziro 13 oyesera kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito chikonga m'magulu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza osasuta, kuti adziwe momwe kuwonekera kwa chikonga kumakhudzira chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zoperekera chikonga kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali, kuphatikiza kusuta fodya, chingamu cha chikonga, kupopera mphuno, ndi zigamba za chikonga. Kugwira ntchito kwa anthu kumayesedwa ndi kuthekera kotenga malingaliro osagwiritsa ntchito mawu, monga nkhope, kugwiritsa ntchito kucheza ndi anthu komanso makompyuta.

Kutengera zotsatira zawo, Martin ndi Sayette adapeza umboni wamphamvu wosonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chikonga kumathandizira kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito. Osangoti omwe adatenga nawo mbali adangodzinena kuti ndi ochezeka, okonda kutulutsa mawu, komanso osadandaula pagulu atamwa chikonga, koma kugwiritsa ntchito chikonga kumathandizira kukulitsa kuzindikira zazikhalidwe ndi nkhope poyerekeza ndi omwe atenga nawo gawo la chikonga kwa maola 24 kapena kupitilira apo. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsanso kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kuchotsedwa kwa chikonga amakumana ndi zovuta zazikulu pakugwira ntchito poyerekeza ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito.

Zomwe zotsatirazi zikusonyeza ndikuti anthu omwe atha kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu pocheza, mwina chifukwa cha zovuta zam'mutu kapena zina, atha kudalira fodya ngati njira yothanirana ndi nkhawa zamagulu. Izi zimathandizanso kufotokoza chifukwa chake kusiya kusuta kumatha kukhala kovuta kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri, omwe amawona kuti ndikofunikira polumikizana ndi ena.

Komanso, popeza osuta amatha kucheza ndi osuta ena, kuyesera kusiya kusuta kudzatanthauzanso kuchepetsa malo omwe fodya amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake, amakhala akutalikirana kwambiri ndikupanga mabwenzi atsopano komanso malo ochezera omwe fodya sagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zonsezi zimatha kupanga zovuta monga kuchotsa chikonga kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuthana nazo, chifukwa anthu ambiri sangakhale okonzeka kuthana ndi izi zomwe zingatanthauze kuchezera kwawo, posachedwa.

Ngakhale kufufuza kwina kuli kofunika, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa gawo lomwe chikonga chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikutha kwa chikonga kumatha kukhala nawo pamoyo wa omwe amasuta. Ngakhale osuta ambiri amayesa kusiya nthawi ina, kulumikizana kumeneku pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito chikonga ndi magwiridwe antchito kumathandizira kufotokoza chifukwa chomwe kubwereranso kukufalikirabe. Ngakhale kulumikizana uku kwanyalanyazidwa pakadali pano, kuzindikira momwe chikhalidwe cha anthu chingalimbikitsire kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chikonga kumatha kumvetsetsa bwino chifukwa chake kusuta kumatha kukhala kosavuta. Ndipo, m'kupita kwa nthawi, zitha kuperekera njira njira zabwino zothandiza osuta kusiya kwathunthu.