Maphunziro Amapasa ndi "Heritage of Corpulence"

"Zomwe zimawoneka ngati mtsinje wosatha wa ana amapasa azaka zisanu ndi zitatu wazaka zakubadwa zimatsanulira mchipindacho. Mapasa pambuyo pa mapasa ... nkhope zawo, nkhope zawo zobwereza chifukwa panali m'modzi yekha pakati pa ambiri a iwo ... (p. 172) "... ngati mphutsi zidatigwera ..." (tsamba 178) analemba Aldous Huxley mu Dziko Latsopano Lolimba Mtima . (1932) Apa panali "mfundo yopanga misa pomaliza imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku biology:" (p.9) kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapasa mamiliyoni ofanana, (ndipo "osati awiri ndi atatu otukuka monga m'masiku akale") (tsamba 8) koma "kusintha kwakukulu kwachilengedwe" (tsamba 8) komwe cholinga chake chinali kupanga kukhazikika pagulu.

Zithunzi za Dziko Latsopano Lolimba Mtima ndi oopsa komanso othamangitsa, koma mapasa akhala akusangalatsa anthu m'mbiri yonse. Pali mapasa azithunzi zaku Roma, Romulus ndi Remus, omwe adayamwitsidwa ndi mmbulu, ndipo Romulus adapeza Roma wakale. Ndipo panali abale amapasa osiyana-siyana Yakobo ndi Esau mu Bukhu la Genesis: Esau, "woyamba anatuluka wofiira, yense ngati chovala chaubweya." (Genesis 25:25) "Taona, mkulu wanga Esau ndi munthu waubweya, ndipo ine ndine munthu wosalala." (Genesis 27:11) (Kuti mumve mawu oseketsa a nkhani iyi kuchokera ku Genesis, mverani ulalikiwo, Tengani Pew, lolembedwa ndi Alan Bennett, wochokera Pambuyo pa Mphepete: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOsYN---eGk.) Ndipo mu Shakespeare's Usiku wachisanu ndi chiwiri , mapasa a Viola ndi Sebastian amafanana kwambiri, amafotokozedwa kuti ndi "nkhope imodzi, mawu amodzi, chizolowezi chimodzi komanso anthu awiri. Maonekedwe achilengedwe, ndiko kuti, ndipo kulibe," akutero a Duke. Ndipo Antonio akuwonjezera kuti, "Mudadzigawa bwanji? Kuduka pakati pa apulo sikupasa mapasa kuposa zolengedwa ziwirizi." (Act V, Gawo 1)

Ngakhale Viola ndi Sebastian anali ovuta kusiyanitsa wina ndi mnzake, ali, ngati amuna ndi akazi, amapasa achibale, kapena dizygotic (DZ) ndipo amatuluka mu utero kuchokera nthawi yomweyo mazira awiri ndi umuna. Amagawana, monga abale ena m'banja, 50% yokha ya DNA yawo. Amapasa ofanana kapena a monozygotic (MZ) amachokera pagawidwe la kamwana kamodzi ndikugawana 100% ya DNA yawo motero amakhala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chidziwitso chazizindikiro chotsimikiza ndicho gawo loyamba pakuwunika mapasa ndipo nthawi zambiri amapangidwa pofufuza mtundu wa tsitsi, maso, mawonekedwe amakutu, pakamwa, mano, ndi zina, kuphatikizapo zolemba zala, komanso maphunziro apamwamba a antigen antigen . (Börjeson, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica , 1976)

Lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito mapasa pakufufuza nthawi zambiri limanenedwa ndi Sir Francis Galton, msuweni wa Charles Darwin, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Galton adafalitsa mabuku awiri, kuphatikiza Mbiri ya Amapasa ndipo ndinali wokonda kusiyanitsa "pakati pazotsatira zazizolowezi zomwe timalandila pobadwa ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zapadera m'moyo," mwachitsanzo, pakati pa chilengedwe ndi kusamalira. (monga tafotokozera ku Gedda, Mapasa mu Mbiri ndi Sayansi , 1961, masamba 24-25) Galton, komabe, sanayerekezere mapasa achibale komanso ofanana kotero "sangatchulidwe kuti ndiye woyambitsa njira ya mapasa." (Teo ndi Mpira, Mbiri ya Human Sciences , 2009)

Ofufuza ena adatsata koma pali mbali ina yamdima yopanga mapasa koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, monga zikuwonekeranso mu ntchito ya von Verschuer, yemwe anali wowalangiza a Josef Mengele, wodziwika bwino pamaphunziro ake amapasa ku Auschwitz munthawi ya World Nkhondo yachiwiri. Mwachiwonekere von Verschuer, yemwe anali wasayansi wolemekezedwa kwambiri, anali wa Nazi komanso wankhanza wotsutsa Semite yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro ake amapasa kupititsa patsogolo ndale zake zosankhana mitundu. (Phiri la Müller, Mbiri ndi Philosophy ya Life Sciences , 1999) Akuti Mengele adatumiza zitsanzo za maso ndi magazi kuchokera kumapasa 200 omwe adachita kafukufuku wosagwirizana ndi anthu, kwa von Verschuer kuti awunike. Ndi 10% yokha yamapasa amenewo omwe adapulumuka poyesedwa ndi anthu a Mengele. (Müller-Hill, 1999) Kuti mukambirane zakusokonekera kwa sayansi ndi von Verschuer ndi Mengele komanso kufunikira kodzipereka "kukhazikitsa zabwino za wodwalayo kuposa za dokotala," onani Coller, Zolemba Pazofufuza Zachipatala , 2006, yemwe akugogomezera kuti pali "mfundo zinayi zofunika kwambiri pakukonda zamankhwala: kufunika kapena kupatulika kwa moyo wa munthu aliyense; kulemekeza ulemu wamunthu, kukondwerera kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu, ndikuyamikira kumvetsetsa kwazovuta zikhalidwe za anthu." (Coller, 2006) Ndipo kuti mukambirane za zomwe zasiyidwa komanso "mbiri yaukonzanso" yamapasa omwe amapezeka m'mabuku ena, onani Teo ndi Ball, 2009.

Ofufuza koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, kuphatikiza von Verschuer, adayamba kulingalira za gawo la majini makamaka pankhani ya kunenepa kwambiri. Dr. George A. Bray, m'buku lake la maphunziro, Nkhondo ya Bulge (2007), wafufuza mbiri yakufufuza kwamanenepa kwambiri ndikusindikiza mapepala oyambilira a Davenport (pp. 474 ff) (1923), komanso von vonchuchuchu (pp. 492 ff) (1927.) Davenport, yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito chiyerekezo chathu kudziwika kuti body mass index (BMI), anali woyamba kuphunzira za chibadwa ndi chilengedwe cha kunenepa kwambiri ndipo adafunsa, "Kodi kusiyana kumeneku pakumanga pakati pa anthu ocheperako ndi mnofu kumadalira pazoyendera?" (p. 474) Kuchokera kwa Dr. Bray (yemwe adabwereka kwa Edwin B. Astwood) (tsamba 148) ndi pomwe ndidatenga dzina langa Cholowa cha Chuma .

Maphunziro akulu amapasa adatsatiridwa, kuphatikiza wofufuza waku Sweden a Börjeson (1976), yemwe adasanthula kufunikira kwa cholowa ndi chilengedwe poyerekeza kusiyana pakati pa mapasa a MZ ndi DZ, ndipo zithunzi zawo za mapasa zikuwoneka pano. Kuphatikiza apo, wofufuza ku Canada a Claude Bouchard ndi anzawo adapanga zomwe amati "Phunziro Lopitilira muyeso la Quebec," momwe adaphunzirira mapasa khumi ndi awiri amphasa amphongo ofanana omwe amakhala pansi kwa masiku 120 pagulu la odwala. Ma 1000 owonjezera tsiku lililonse kwa masiku asanu ndi limodzi pa sabata kwa masiku 84 amenewo. (Bouchard neri al, New England Journal of Medicine , 1990; Redden ndi Allison, Ndemanga Za Kunenepa Kwambiri , 2004; Bakuman, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 2009; Bakuman et al, International Journal of Kunenepa Kwambiri , 2014; ) Kulemera kwakukulu kunali 8.1 kg koma kuyambira 4.3 mpaka 13.3 kg. Chodabwitsa, kudyetsa mopitilira muyeso kunapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lolimba kwambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa mafuta mkati mwa mapasa awiri a MZ, koma panali kusiyanasiyana katatu pakati pa awiriawiri kusiyana ndi awiriwa. Mwanjira ina, kuwongolera mwamphamvu kuchuluka komweko kwa kudya mopitirira muyeso komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumabweretsa mayankho osiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi, kapangidwe ka thupi, komanso magawidwe amafuta am'magawo m'mapasa osiyanasiyana. A Bouchard adatsimikiza kuti popeza kuyanjana kulikonse kwachilengedwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kocheperako, ofufuza amayenera kuchepetsa zolakwika ndipo njira imodzi yopewera zolakwika ndiyokuyesa kwenikweni kutalika ndi kulemera m'malo modalira malipoti anu omwe amapezeka pamaphunziro ambiri . (Wopuma, Kunenepa kwambiri, Supplement, 2008.) Kuphatikiza apo, Bouchard adalongosola kuti "kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu," kuphatikiza "kudziwa kwachilengedwe" mwa ena kuti atengeke kwambiri ndi kunenepa kapena kuwonda, ndichofunikira "pakufunafuna njira yolumikizirana ndi majini pozindikiritsa pamapeto pake majini ena. (Bouchard, 2008)

Kwa zaka zambiri, ambiri adapanga zotchedwa mapasa olembetsa masauzande a mapasa a MZ ndi DZ, kuphatikiza aku Norway, Sweden, ndi Finland, komanso ku US, (monga National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Twin Registry; Minnesota Registry, ndi Vietnam-Era Twin Registry .) Mwachitsanzo, wofufuza wonenepa kwambiri Albert (Mickey) Stunkard, adagwiritsa ntchito zolembetsa zamapasa zaku Sweden ndi Danish pamaphunziro ake ena. (Jou, ZOCHITIKA Stunkard et al (2014) JAMA , 1986) adagwiritsanso ntchito NAS-NRC Registry kuyesa mapasa opitilira 1900 MZ ndi mapasa opitilira 2000 DZ kuti awone momwe zoperekera zakutali, kulemera, ndi BMI pakufufuza kwanthawi yayitali (zaka 25), pomaliza, "Kunenepa kwamunthu kumayang'aniridwa mwamphamvu ndi majini." Ofufuzawo adavomereza kuti kuyerekezera kuti kusakhazikika kumatha kudzudzulidwa, ndikunyoza komanso kuyerekezera mwina chifukwa, mwazinthu zina zokondera, zolakwitsa pakukhazikitsa zygosity kapena ngakhale assortative mating (momwe okwatirana amakonda kukwatirana Heymsfield ndi anzawo (Allison et al, Makhalidwe Abwino , 1996) adanenanso kuti "mapangidwe amapasa ofanana" onenepa samaphatikizira zambiri monga zolemera za okwatirana komanso ngati kukwatirana mosagwirizana (mwachitsanzo, kukwatirana mosagwirizana) kungakhudze kuchuluka kwa kukhazikika.

M'maphunziro awo amapasa apamwamba, Stunkard et al ( NEJM, 1990) adayesa mapaipi 93 amapasa ofanana omwe adaleredwa (imodzi mwanjira zothandiza kwambiri zodziwitsa kufunikira kwa majini ogawanika kuchokera kumalo omwe adagawana); Mapasa 154 amapasa ofanana analeredwa pamodzi; Mapasa 218 amapasa apachibale adaleredwa, ndi 208 mapasa apachibale adaleredwa limodzi, onse omwe anali ochokera ku Sweden Registry yomwe idaphatikiza maphunziro amapasa ndi maphunziro olera. Amapasa adayesedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 50, ndi amayi 60%. Ofufuzawo adati, ngakhale ana amapasa okhaokha, amatha kufanana ngati mapangidwe awo amafanana (mwachitsanzo ngati mapasa adayikidwa "mosankha" m'nyumba zomwe zimafanana ndi za makolo awo owabereka.) Mwa mapasa amenewo omwe adalekanitsidwa ndi makolo awo owabereka, pafupifupi theka la amapasawa adalekanitsidwa mchaka choyamba chamoyo, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha imfa, matenda, kapena mavuto azachuma m'banja lomwe adachokera. Stunkard et al adapeza umboni wamphamvu wakubadwa kwa BMI, ndipo adapeza kuti zovuta zamtundu zimafalikira pamagulu onse olemera, mwachitsanzo, kuyambira onenepa mpaka onenepa. Ananenanso kuti mapasa ofanana omwe adalekanitsidwa anali ndi ma coefficients a 0.70 a amuna ndi 0.66 azimayi a BMI ndipo adamaliza kafukufukuyu kuti madera aubwana sanakhudze kwenikweni kapena alibe mphamvu. Amachenjezanso, "kukhala wokhawokha sikutanthauza kusinthika kosasintha konse," koma mphamvu zakubadwa m'malo ena azachilengedwe. (Stunkard et al, 1990) Pamodzi, Allison, Heymsfield ndi anzawo (Faith et al, International Journal of Kunenepa Kwambiri, 2012) agogomezera kufunika koganizira za momwe muyeso momwe zochitika zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwira kapangidwe ka kafukufuku (monga kuwerengera mapasa akudya) zitha kukhudza zotsatira.

Kwa zaka zambiri, Allison, Heymsfield ndi anzawo agwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe apamwamba kuti awone ubale wa omwe amatchedwa zomangamanga ku chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo nthawi ya intra-uterine (Allison et al, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders Agwiritsanso ntchito fanizoli pophunzira kuchuluka kwa thupi ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi (Allison et al, American Journal of Medical Genetics, 1995); mndandanda wamagulu am'magulu awiri amapasa (Faith et al, Matenda, 1999); kudya kwa caloric (Faith et al, Makhalidwe Abwino, 1999); ndi kudya wodziletsa (Faith et al, International Journal of Kunenepa Kwambiri , London , 2012)

Mfundo yofunika : Kafukufuku wamaphunziro adasinthika kuyambira nthawi ya Sir Francis Galton, yemwe adati kugwiritsa ntchito mapasa kusiyanitsa zomwe chilengedwe chimaleredwa, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Agwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika ndi ofufuza, monga ngati a Nazi panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. M'mbuyomu, kafukufuku woyambirira kwambiri wokhudza kunenepa kwambiri adachokera kwa Dr. Claude Bouchard et al, omwe adawunika mapasa ofanana (a monozygote) omwe amayang'aniridwa mosavomerezeka mu kafukufuku wakale waku Quebec wopitilira muyeso, komanso kuchokera kwa Mickey Stunkard et al, omwe adayesa mapasa awiri amtundu wa monozygotic ndi dizygotic kuti athetse zachilengedwe kuchokera ku zotengera, mwa- kuyimbidwa mapangidwe apamwamba amapasa.

Chonde dziwani: Iyi ndi gawo I la blog yamagawo awiri yogwiritsa ntchito mapasa pakufufuza za kunenepa kwambiri. Gawo lachiwiri lidzafufuza bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mapasa omwe amapasa momwe mapasa amodzi ali osagwirizana ndi ena poyerekeza ndi enawo. Tithokoze kwambiri kwa iwo omwe adathandizira kukonzekera mabulogu I ndi II, onani blog II.