'Wellness-Informed': Maziko Othandizira

Zamkati

• Mfundo zazikuluzikulu
• Mgwirizano Wathu Wamakolo
• Makhalidwe A Ancestral A Ana
• Kusintha kwa Nestedness
• Mapeto

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu

• Kupititsa patsogolo thanzi lathu kuyenera kukhala cholinga chathu, osati kungopewa zoopsa.
• Kumvetsetsa zaumoyo waumunthu kumafunikira kumvetsetsa kwamitundu ingapo yantchito ndi chitukuko cha anthu.
• Kudziwitsidwa bwino kumafuna kumvetsetsa mitundu yachilengedwe yolera ana (chisa chosinthika).

Mchitidwe wa "zoopsa" umatengera kuthekera kwakuti makasitomala kapena ophunzira kapena ogwira nawo ntchito asokonezeka, motero, kusintha machitidwe abungwe kuti azikumbukira. Mosiyana ndi izi, chizolowezi chodziwitsidwa bwino chimatanthauza kumvetsetsa zomwe zimathandiza ana ndi akulu ndi magulu kuti zinthu zikuyendere bwino. Bungweli limagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsochi pazochita zake kupititsa patsogolo miyoyo ya anthu komanso gulu. Popeza "kudziwitsa zaubwino" ndi lingaliro latsopano, timafunikira mbiri isanakwane zochitika zina m'madera ena zomwe sizingadziwike ndikukambirana. Mbiri yonse ndiyomwe ikuyang'ana apa.

Tikamapanga njira zosiyana siyana pakukula kwa umunthu ndi umunthu, timapeza maziko azikhalidwe zodziwitsidwa bwino. Kodi tingaphunzire chiyani?

• Momwe chikhalidwe cha anthu chimakhalira mwamtendere kwambiri kuposa nthano zam'mbuyomu zomwe zimafotokozedwa, kutengera kuthandizira kwazikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe (Fry, 2006, 2013; Fry et al., 2021).
• Kusintha kwamphamvu kwamagulu am'magulu, kuti sitili munjira yokhayo yomwe sitingathawe (mwachitsanzo, kuti titha kubwerera ku kufanana) (Graeber & Wengrow, 2018, 2021; Mphamvu, 2019).
• Zomwe zimatengera kuthandizira ubale waulemu, mosasunthika ndi chilengedwe.
• Kodi mitundu yazachilengedwe ndi yotani polera anthu ogwirizana omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino.
• Kodi mitundu yazikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe ndi chiyani?
• Zomwe zimathandiza akuluakulu kukula bwino.

Mu positi iyi, ndimasanthula maziko oyesa njira zopezera thanzi - mwachitsanzo, machitidwe odziwa zaumoyo. M'mabuku otsatirawa, ndiyang'ana maphunziro ophunzitsidwa zaumoyo, banja, komanso moyo wantchito.

Mgwirizano Wathu Wamakolo

Kafukufuku wambiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu amayang'ana kwambiri madera omwe sanatukuke, ndikupatsa kuzindikira zaka 200,000 zomwe tidakhalapo monga homo sapiens (Lee & Daly, 2005). Mitundu ina ya anthu yakhalapo kwazaka zopitilira 150,000, monga San Bushmen (Suzman, 2017), omwe mzere wake wa majeremusi amagawidwa ndi anthu onse omwe alipo (Henn et al., 2011). Monga a Bushmen, anthu ambiri omwe adakhalako amakhala m'magulu osaka-osonkhanitsa. (Kumbukirani kuti chitukuko chakhalapo kwa anthu ochepa chabe mzaka zochepa zapitazi.)

Kubwerera mmbuyo, kuyerekezera chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi umunthu, kudzera mu zida za sayansi, zimatipatsa chidziwitso m'mamiliyoni a zaka za kukhalako kwathu monga gawo la mamalia omwe akhalapo zaka makumi mamiliyoni ambiri (mwachitsanzo, tikadali ndi zosowa zamavuto ) (mwachitsanzo, (McDonald, 1998; Suzuki & Hirata, 2012). Ndife nyama zoyamwitsa, mzere womwe unatuluka zaka 20-40 miliyoni zapitazo, kusunga mawonekedwe ambiri aubongo ndi zosowa zazikuluzikulu za anthu wamba (Franklin & Mansuy, 2010; Panksepp, 1998; Spinka, Newberry & Bekoff, 2001). Zosowa zazikulu ndizofunikira kwambiri kuzikwaniritsa muubwana pomwe ubongo ndi thupi zikumangidwa, kuphatikiza kukwanira kwathunthu kwa Maslow omwe adadziwika.

Zosowa zathu ziweto zimaphatikizapo chakudya ndi kutentha koma zosowa zathu zakumwa zam'mayi zimaphatikizaponso kukhudza mwachikondi, kusewera, kulumikizana kwakukulu, komanso kuthandizira anthu ammudzi (Carter & Porges, 2013; Champagne, 2014; Chevrud & Wolf, 2009). Kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu amationetsa kuti monga anthu timakulanso bwino tikamagwiritsa ntchito intersubjectivity ("limbic resonance; Lewis Amini & Lannon, 2001) ndi achikulire angapo, amizidwa liti m'miyambo ndi nthano zachikhalidwe komanso pomwe ana amaphunzira kuchita zinthu zazikulu (Hewlett & Mwanawankhosa, 2005; Hrdy, 2009; Sorenson, 1998; Weissner, 2014).

Mtundu wa homo watha 99% yakukhalapo kwake - 95% yamtundu wathu, homo sapiens - m'magulu azakudya (Fry, 2006). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti matupi athu ndi ubongo zidasintha ndikusintha malinga ndi izi, zotchedwa chilengedwe chosinthika (Bowlby, 1969). Kumene kumawoneka kofunika kwambiri pakakhala moyo wanthawi yayitali ndi kuyambira ali mwana.

Makhalidwe A Ancestral A Ana

Zoyang'ana pamikhalidwe yakubadwa kwa ana idapangidwa koyamba ndi John Bowlby (1969) m'ma 1950. Anatinso malingaliro abwinobwino onena za kukula kwa mwana operekedwa ndi machitidwe ndi malingaliro a Freudian psychoanalysis panthawiyo sanathe kufotokoza zovuta zomwe ana ndi ana amasiye anapatukana pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Pogwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe, adazindikira kuti ana amafunikira zambiri osati kungotentha, pogona, ndi chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo. Mofanana ndi nyama zina zambiri zoyamwitsa, ana “anapangidwa” kuti agwirizane ndi anthu amene angawasamalire pa nthawi yovuta kwambiri ndipo amavutika akamalekanitsidwa. Bowlby adatinso njira yolumikizira olera yomwe imathandizira kulera chisamaliro cha ana ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosangalatsa (Bowlby, 1969). Kulera amayi ndi chinthu! (Krasnegor, & Bridges, 2010).

Ngakhale nyama zonse zakutchire zili pachiwopsezo chazovuta zakuleredwa bwino, ana amunthu ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ana pakubadwa kwanthawi zonse amabadwa ndi 25% yokha yamaubongo akuluakulu; ubongo umachulukitsa kukula kwake m'zaka zingapo zoyambirira ndikusamalidwa bwino, pomwe kukula kwaubongo ndi magwiridwe antchito sizimakula kukula kapena zovuta kuzinyalanyaza (Perry et al., 1995). Ana amafanana ndi ana oberekera a nyama zina mpaka miyezi pafupifupi 18 yakubadwa, kutanthauza kuti ali ndi zambiri zokula ndikudziyang'anira pawokha potengera luso lawo.

Ndi kafukufuku wotsatira zakumaphatikizira kwa ana, tadziwa tsopano kuti maubongo angapo amakhudzidwa ndimomwe adakumana kale ndi omwe amawasamalira, chifukwa chake zotulukapo zoyambirira zimakhala ndi zotulukapo zazitali zamatenda amisala (Schore, 2019). Mwachitsanzo, gawo lamanja laubongo liyenera kukula mwachangu mzaka zoyambirira za moyo ndi chisamaliro chosamalitsa. Kusamalira kumapangitsa kuti pakhale gawo labwino lomwe lingayambitse mavuto amtsogolo amisala.

Ubongo wamwamuna umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusamalidwa bwino chifukwa chokhazikika molimba mtima komanso kukhwima pang'onopang'ono kuposa ubongo wa akazi (Schore, 2017). Amafuna kusamalidwa kwambiri koma timawapatsa zochepa, kuwasiya kuti azidalira machitidwe azakale kwambiri olamulira / kugonjera. Atakula amakhala olimba chifukwa chakukula kwakubongo, monga momwe ma psychotherapists amanenera (Tweedy, 2021).

Kusintha kwa Nestedness

Maphunziro a zikhalidwe zotukuka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ochepa aumunthu, ocheperako kotero kuti afilosofi amalingalira momwe mwana angakhalire pachilumba chokha. Aliyense amene amadziwa mbiri yakale amatha kupeza funso lotere. Palibe mwana wopanda mayi kapena mayi wamtendere wa mayi wopanda mwana popanda kuthandizidwa ndi anthu ammudzi, popeza thandizo la amayi limapanga kusiyana kwakukulu pamomwe mwanayo amathere (Hrdy, 2009; Hawkes, O'Connell, & Blurton-Jones, 1989). Khanda ndilofunika kwambiri kotero kuti zimatenga gulu la achikulire omvera kuti mwanayo amve kuti akumuthandiza. Chisa chosinthika chimapereka chithandizo choyenera nthawi yonse yachitukuko, chofananira ndi njira yokhwima ya mwanayo.

Mapeto

Kudziwitsa zaubwino kumatithandizira kuti timvetsetse zosowa zathu zamtunduwu komanso momwe tingakwaniritsire ndi momwe kukumana nawo kumawonekera (Gowdy, 1998). Kudzera pantchito zosiyanasiyana, timaphunzira momwe zosowa kapena zochita zina zimakhudzira chitukuko cha anthu. Kuzindikira kotereku kumatithandiza kuzindikira zomwe zimalimbikitsa thanzi kapena ayi m'dziko lamasiku ano. Izi zimatipatsa mwayi wosankha moyenera zinthu zomwe zingathandize kuti tikhale ndi moyo wabwino, womwe tiwunikenso pazotsatira.

Carter, C. S., & Porges, S. W. (2013). Neurobiology ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha mammalian. Mu D. Narvaez, J. Panksepp, A. Schore & T. Gleason (Eds.), Evolution, chidziwitso choyambirira ndi chitukuko chaumunthu: Kuchokera pakufufuza mpaka pakuchita ndi mfundo (pp. 132-151). New York: Oxford.

Champagne, F. (2014). Epigenetics ya kulera mammalian. Mu D. Narvaez, K. Valentino, A. Fuentes, J. McKenna, & P. ​​Gray, Ancestral Landscapes in Human Evolution: Chikhalidwe, Kulera Ana ndi Khalidwe Labwino (pp. 18-37). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Cheverud, J. M., & Wolf, J. B. (2009). Chibadwa ndi zotsatira zakusintha kwa zotsatira za amayi. Mu D. Maestripieri & J. M. Mateo (Eds.), Zotsatira Za Amayi M'zinyama (pp. 11-37). Chicago: Yunivesite ya Chicago Press.

[Adasankhidwa] Franklin, TB, & Mansuy, IM (2010). Cholowa cha Epigenetic mwa nyama: Umboni wokhudzidwa ndi zovuta zachilengedwe. Neurobiology ya Matenda 39, 61-65

Mwachangu, D. (Mkonzi.) (2013). Nkhondo, mtendere ndi umunthu. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Mwachangu, D. P. (2006). Kuthekera kwamunthu kwamtendere: Vuto laling'ono lalingaliro lazoganiza za nkhondo ndi ziwawa. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mwachangu, DP, Souillac, G., Liebovitch, L. et al. (2021). Magulu amtendere amapewa nkhondo ndikupanga ubale wabwino pakati pawo. Kulumikizana kwaumunthu ndi Sayansi Yachikhalidwe, 8, 17. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00692-8

Wotsutsa, J. (1998). Zofuna zochepa, zopanda malire: Wowerenga pazosaka-osonkhanitsa zachuma ndi chilengedwe. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Graeber, D. & Wengrow, D. (2018). Momwe mungasinthire mbiriyakale ya anthu (osachepera, gawo lomwe lachitika kale). Eurozine, Marichi 2, 2018. Kutsitsidwa kuchokera ku eurozine.com (https://www.eurozine.com/change-course-humanhistory/)

Graeber, D. & Wengrow, D. (2021). Kuyamba kwa Chilichonse: Mbiri Yatsopano Yaumunthu. New York: MacMillan.

Hawkes, K., O'Connell, JF., ndi Blurton-Jones, N.G. (1989). Agogo a Hadza olimbikira ntchito. Mu V. Standen & R.A. Foley (Eds.), Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu: Makhalidwe azikhalidwe za anthu ndi zinyama zina (pp. 341-366). London: Basil Blackwell.

Henn, BM, Gignoux, CR, Jobin, M., Granka, JM, Macpherson, JM, Kidd, JM, Rodríguez-Botigué, L., Ramachandran, S., Hon, L., Brisbin, A., Lin, AA. , Underhill, PA, Comas, D., Kidd, KK, Norman, PJ, Parham, P., Bustamante, CD, Phiri, JL, & Feldman. MW (2011). Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Hunter-collector genomic imafotokoza zakumwera kwa Africa kwa anthu amakono. Kukula kwa National Academy of Science, 108 (13) 5154-5162; ZOCHITIKA: 10.1073 / pnas.1017511108

Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Hrdy, S. (2009). Amayi ndi ena: Chiyambi cha kusamvetsetsana. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Krasnegor, NA, & ​​Milatho, R.S. (1990). Kulera kwamamamilia: Zachilengedwe, zamankhwala am'magazi, komanso machitidwe. New York: Oxford University Press.

(Adasankhidwa) McDonald, AJ (1998). Cortical njira zopita ku mamygdala amygdala. Kupita patsogolo mu Neurobiology 55, 257-332.

Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Narvaez, D. (2014). Neurobiology ndikukula kwamakhalidwe amunthu: Kusintha, chikhalidwe ndi nzeru. New York: Norton.

Panksepp, J. (1998). Neuroscience yothandiza: Maziko amakhudzidwe amunthu ndi nyama. New York: Oxford University Press.

Panksepp, J. (2010). Madera oyambira aubongo wa mammalian: Zofunikira pakukula kwaumoyo wa anthu komanso chikhalidwe cha ADHD. Mu CM Wofunika, PM Plotsky, DS Schechter & CA Cummings (Eds.), Zokumana nazo zakapangidwe: Kulumikizana kwa chisamaliro, chikhalidwe, komanso chitukuko cha psychobiology (pp. 470-502). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Perry, B. D., Pollard, R. A., Blakely, T. L., Baker, W. L., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Zowawa zaubwana, matenda okhudza kusintha kwa ubongo, ndi "kudalira ntchito" kwaubongo: Momwe "amafotokozera" amakhala "mikhalidwe". Buku Lopanda Mental Health, 16, 271-291.

Mphamvu, C. (2019). Udindo wa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso chikhalidwe cha amuna ndi akazi pakusintha kwazindikiritso zophiphiritsira. Mu T. Henley, M. Rossano & E. Kardas (Eds.), Handbook of archaeology yodziwika bwino: Njira yamaganizidwe (pp. 354-374). London: Njira.

Schore, ANN (2019). Kukula kwa malingaliro osazindikira. New York: WW Anayankha Norton, PA

Sorenson, ER (1998). Dziwani bwino. Mu H. Wautischer (Mkonzi.), Tribal epistemologies (pp. 79-115). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

Spinka, M., Newberry, RC, & Bekoff, M. (2001). Masewera a Mamalia: maphunziro osayembekezereka. Kuwunikanso Kwathunthu Kwa Biology, 76, 141-168.

Suzman, J. (2017). Chuma chopanda kuchuluka: Dziko lomwe limasowa ma Bushmen. New York: Bloomsbury.

Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Suzuki, IK, Hirata, T. (2012). Kusintha kwakusintha kwa neocortical neurogenetic program mu nyama ndi mbalame. Zachilengedwe, 2 (4), 124-129 ..

Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Wiessner, P. (2014). Kuphatikiza gulu: Kuyankhula kwamoto pakati pa a Ju / ’hoansi Bushmen. Kukula kwa National Academy of Science ku United States of America, 111 (39), 14027-14035.