Kodi Kudzisala Ndi Chiyani?

Ramya Ramadurai, yemwe ndi Ph.D. maphunziro omaliza maphunziro azachipatala ku American University, adathandizira pantchito iyi.

Kusala kumatanthauzidwa ngati chizindikiro chamanyazi kapena kunyoza. Kudzera mu chiphunzitso cholemba zaanthu titha kuzindikira kusalidwa kwa thanzi lam'mutu ngati manyazi kapena kunyozedwa komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa iwo omwe ali ndi vuto lamaganizidwe, omwe amalembedwa, kusinthidwa, ndi kusalidwa.

Ndizodziwika kuti kusalidwa ndiumoyo wamagulu ndizofala pagulu. Malingaliro ndi malingaliro atsankho omwe anthu amakhala nawo (Rüsch, Angermeyer, & Corrigan, 2005) amatchedwa kusalidwa pakati pa anthu ndipo kumatha kubweretsa kutayika kwachuma kapena mwayi wantchito, moyo wamunthu ndi zovuta zamaphunziro, kuchepa kwa nyumba kapena chithandizo chamankhwala choyenera zikhalidwe, ndi tsankho mozama, kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mavuto azaumoyo.

Mwinanso sizodziwika bwino ndizomwe zimachitika tsankho komanso malingaliro olakwikawa atakhazikika mwa momwe munthu amadzionera?

Kudzivomereza ndi kuvomerezana ndi malingaliro olakwika ndi zikhulupiriro zotsutsana ndi ena, zimatchedwa kudzisala (Corrigan, Watson, & Barr, 2006) kapena kusalidwa kwamkati (Watson et al., 2007). Mu mtundu wamagwiritsidwe ochepera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (Meyer, 2003), kudzisala kapena kusalidwa mkati ndizotsatira zoyipa za kupsinjika komwe kumadza chifukwa cha kusalidwa. Dongosolo loyimira zamaganizidwe (Hatzenbuehler, 2009) likuvomereza kuti zotulukapo zowoneka ngati kudzinyalanyaza zitha kufotokozera kuyanjana pakati pazotsatira zakusalidwa kwa anthu komanso psychopathology.

Kusalidwa kwamkati kumalumikizidwa ndi kupsinjika kwapadera, kusadzidalira, kudziona ngati wopanda pake, kudzidalira, komanso mavuto azaumoyo. Kudzisala kumabweretsanso mtengo wogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kusalidwa mkati kumatha kupangitsa munthu kuti asafunsire ntchito chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti sangathe.

Odwala ku McLean Hospital's Behavioral Health Partial Hospital pulogalamu nthawi zambiri amalankhula zakusalidwa kwaumoyo. Tinachita kafukufuku zaka zingapo zapitazo kuti timvetsetse momwe kusalidwa kwamkati kungakhudzire zotsatira zamankhwala. Nazi zomwe tapeza:

• Anthu omwe ali ndi manyazi apamwamba pakulandilidwa amakhala ndi chizindikiritso chachikulu ndikuchepetsa moyo wawo, magwiridwe awo, komanso thanzi lawo atatuluka (Pearl et al., 2016).
• Pomwe amalandira chithandizo, omwe adatenga nawo gawo adachepetsedwa ndi kusalidwa kwamkati.
• Omwe adakwaniritsa zosintha zodalirika zakusalidwa kwamkati adakwanitsanso kusintha kwakukulu pazotsatira zambiri zamazizindikiro.
• Zotsatira zinali zogwirizana pamitundu yonse ya omwe akutenga nawo gawo monga mtundu, kugonana, zaka, kuzindikira, komanso mbiri yakudzipha.

Sitikudziwa kuti ndi mbali ziti zamankhwala athu zomwe zathandiza kuchepetsa kusalidwa kwa odwala mkati. Zitha kukhala zinthu zambiri, ndipo zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi munthu. Ndikulosera kuti kuthandizana ndikutsimikizira kulumikizana ndi odwala ena ndi ogwira nawo ntchito kwathandizidwa. Mwinanso maphunziro amisala omwe timalandira m'magulu athu osiyanasiyana amathandizanso kuthana ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu ena pazokhudza matenda amisala.

Chomwe mungatsimikizire ndichakuti - malinga ngati kusala kwaumoyo kumakhalabe nkhani yachitukuko, pakufunika kuchitapo kanthu kuti zithandizire anthu aliyense payekhapayekha kuti adziwitsidwe. Akatswiri azamaganizidwe ayamba kupanga ndi kuyesa njira zomwe zithandizira anthu kuthana ndi mavuto amtsogolo omwe angakumane nawo. Zambiri mwazimenezi zakhala ndi zotsatira zoyambirira, pochepetsa kusalidwa kwamkati mwaumoyo, komanso kulimbikitsa njira zina monga kudzidalira komanso chiyembekezo.

Kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane kwaposachedwa kwapeza kuti njira zambiri zodzinyalanyazira zimakhazikika pagulu, zimachepetsa kusala kwamkati, ndipo zimakhudzanso maphunziro amisala, malingaliro azidziwitso, kulowererapo, kapena kuphatikiza atatuwo (Alonso et al., 2019).

Mwachitsanzo, Coming Out Proud (Corrigan et al., 2013) ndi njira yokhazikitsidwa ndi magulu atatu yomwe imatsogozedwa ndi anzawo (omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chokhala ndi matenda amisala). Amatsindika kwambiri za kufufuzidwa ndi chilimbikitso cha malingaliro osinthika poulula za matenda amisala, ngati njira yothanirana ndi kudzisala. Amanena kuti pali nthawi ndi malo obisika komanso nthawi ndi malo owululira, ndipo maphunzirowa apangidwa kuti apatse mphamvu anthu kuti azisankha ndi izi. Ndondomekoyi ikhoza kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri polimbana ndi kusalana chifukwa imatsogozedwa ndi anzawo.

Chitsanzo china ndikulimbikitsa kwa Nkhani ndi Kuzindikira Therapy (NECT; Yanos et al., 2011), pulogalamu yamagulu yamagulu 20 yomwe imatsogozedwa ndi othandizira. Zakhazikitsidwa pa lingaliro loti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda amisala akuwona kufunika kobwezeretsanso komanso kuzindikira zomwe ali nazo, zomwe mwina zidadetsedwa ndi malingaliro azikhalidwe za omwe awapeza. Chithandizochi chimaphatikizapo kugawana zokumana nazo zokhudzana ndi matenda amisala, mayankho ochokera kumagulu, psychoeducation yodzisala, kukonzanso kuzindikira, ndipo pamapeto pake "kupititsa patsogolo nkhani" momwe anthu amalimbikitsidwa kupanga, kugawana, ndikuwona nkhani zawo kudzera mu mandala atsopano.

Mphamvu zodzitengera kusalankhula pagulu ndizodziwikiratu- zimathandizira kulumikizana ndi anzawo ndikulankhula momasuka pagulu komwe kumatha kumasula ndikuchotsa malingaliro olakwika omwe adagawana nawo. Komabe, poopa kusalidwa, komanso kusalidwa kwamkati kwafotokozedwa ngati zopinga pakufunafuna chisamaliro cham'mutu, mawonekedwe awa amathanso kukhala ovuta pakuthandizira kuchitapo kanthu.Kutumiza njira zodzinyalanyaza kudzera mwa ma sing'anga ena, monga mafoni am'manja, zitha kuthandiza kufikira anthu omwe akumva kuti akufuna kukalandira chithandizo kapena omwe amakhala m'malo omwe magulu sapezeka. Mosasamala njira yobweretsera, zikuwonekeratu kuti kupanga gulu lolimba ndi anthu omwe amagawana zochitika zamatenda amisala, kumatha kuchiritsa.

Corrigan, P.W, Kosyluk, K. A., & Rüsch, N. (2013). Kuchepetsa kudzisala potuluka onyada. American Journal of Public Health, 103 (5), 794-800. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301037

Corrigan, P.W, Watson, A. C., & Barr, L. (2006). Kudzisala kwa matenda amisala: Zomwe zimachitika pakudzidalira komanso kuchita bwino. Zolemba pa Social and Clinical psychology, 25 (8), 875-884. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.875

Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). Kodi kusala kwa atsikana "kumafika bwanji pakhungu"? Dongosolo loyimira pakati pamaganizidwe. Psychological Bulletin, 135 (5), 707. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016441

Meyer, I. H. (2003). Tsankho, kupsinjika pakati pa anthu, komanso thanzi m'maganizo mwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: zokhudzana ndi malingaliro komanso umboni wofufuza. Psychological Bulletin, 129 (5), 674. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 (Adasankhidwa)

Pearl, R. L., Forgeard, M. J. C., Rifkin, L., ndevu, C., & Björgvinsson, T. (2016, Epulo 14). Kusalidwa Kwapakati pa Matenda Amisala: Zosintha ndi Mayanjano Ndi Zotsatira Za Chithandizo. Kusalidwa ndi Thanzi. 2 (1), 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sah0000036

Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M.C, & Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Kusalidwa kwa matenda amisala: Maganizo, zotulukapo zake, ndi njira zochepetsera kusalana. European Psychiatry, 20 (8), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004

Philip T. Yanos, David Roe, ndi Paul H. Lysaker (2011). Kupititsa patsogolo Nkhani ndi Chidziwitso Chachidziwitso: Chithandizo Chatsopano Chochokera Gulu Gulu Chosala Pakati Pakati pa Anthu Omwe Ali Ndi Matenda Oopsa Amisala. International Journal of Gulu Psychotherapy: Vol. 61, Na. 4, masamba 576-595. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijgp.2011.61.4.576

Watson, A. C., Corrigan, P., Larson, J. E., & Sells, M. (2007). Kudzinyadira mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amisala. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33 (6), 1312-1318. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl076