Kodi Cholinga cha Yunivesite "Yamakono" Ndi Chiyani?

Akatswiri azakugonana amathera nthawi yawo kufufuza ndi kuphunzitsa za njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe anthu amafotokozera zakugonana-kusiyana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, momwe amagwirira ntchito, njira zawo, pakati pa ena. Ndife omwe, omwe timawakonda, omwe timawawona okonda zachiwerewere, omwe timagonana nawo ... zonsezi ndi gawo lathu. Komabe, ndi lingaliro lanji la kafukufukuyu ndi chiphunzitso chokhudzana ndi kugonana, nanga akatswiri azakugonana amagwirizana pati mu "yunivesite"?

Ophunzira ambiri azakugonana amagwirira ntchito m'madipatimenti azama psychology, psychiatry, biology, anthropology, sociology, kapena jenda. Nthawi zina amagwira ntchito yolangiza, maphunziro, kulumikizana, zaumoyo, kapena madipatimenti ena. Mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi akatswiri ati azakugonana omwe amapezeka, funso lofunika kukhalabe ... ngati mayunivesite ali okhudzana ndi luso la ophunzira kuti athe kupeza ntchito zolipira bwino, kodi akatswiri azakugonana amagwirizana bwanji? Chifukwa chiyani kusiyanasiyana kwakugonana - momwe timafotokozera zakugonana - kukhala mutu womwe mayunivesite (ndi maboma) amawononga nthawi ndi ndalama zawo zochepa? Kodi ndi chiyani?

Yunivesite Yamakono

M'malingaliro mwanga, tikamaganizira za phindu la maphunziro osiyana siyana pakugonana tiyenera kukumbukira mbiri yakale cholinga chenicheni wa kuyunivesite yamakono. Ndipo (inenso mwa malingaliro anga) cholinga chenicheni cha yunivesite chimayamba ndikubwerera ku 19th century. Kuti ...

Unali chaka cha 1810. Wilhelm von Humboldt adatsimikizira a King of Prussia, Frederick Wilhelm III, kuti apange yunivesite "yamakono" ku Berlin kutengera malingaliro owolowa manja a Fichte ndi Schleiermacher (Anderson, 2004). Wilhelm anali mchimwene wake wa Alexander von Humboldt, wasayansi wotchuka kwambiri yemwe Darwin adamutcha "m'modzi mwamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi."

Ichi chatsopano HumboldtianYunivesite zikanakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi sukulu zam'mbuyomu. Kuphunzira sikunali kungopereka chidziwitso chamakono (kungoti zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zimadziwika panthawiyo), zimakhudzanso kupanga chidziwitso chatsopano ndikuwonera njira yopangira chidziwitso chatsopano pogwira ntchito . Zinali zokhudzana ndi kukhala membala wofunikira kwambiri pagulu laophunzira, gulu lokhala ndi mamembala osiyanasiyana omwe onse adadzipereka kuti apange chidziwitso chatsopano. Zinali pafupi kukhala gawo lamakono yunivesite .

Mukudziwa, mpaka pano, masukulu ambiri akale anali mwina wachipembedzo pomwe "chowonadi" chimayenera kukhala chaumulungu komanso chaumulungu, kapena masukulu amayenera kulunjika Malonda / zamanja amatanthauza kuti apange antchito aluso (zitha kukhala zofunikira kudziwa mitundu ya masukulu achipembedzo ndi zamalonda ndi zomwe anthu ena amafuna kuti tonse tibwerere, monga gawo lazomwe tikufuna kuyambiranso chitukuko chathu chisanachitike Kuunikiridwa, Kukhala m'zaka zamakedzana).

Kwa Wilhelm von Humboldt, cholinga chatsopano HumboldtianYunivesite maphunziro apamwamba — yunivesite “yamakono” imeneyi inali yochita nawo maphunziro a kupeza chidziwitso monga zimachitikira , ndi kuphunzitsa ophunzira kuti "aganizire malamulo oyambira a sayansi m'malingaliro awo onse" (Ponnusamy & Pandurangan, 2014). Yunivesite ya Berlin yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku 1810 (yomwe pambuyo pake idadzatchedwanso Humboldt University pambuyo pa onse a Wilhelm ndi Alexander) idakhazikitsa maziko a yunivesite yotchedwa "zamakono". Zinali zosiyana. Ndipo zidasintha dziko.

Ichi chatsopano Chitsanzo cha Humboldt yamaphunziro aku yunivesite idakhazikitsidwa mu mfundo zingapo zoyambirira, zitatu mwazofunikira kwambiri kwa akatswiri azakugonana.

Mfundo Yodzichepetsa 1 : Cholinga cha yunivesite maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa ophunzira kuti ganizirani mozama , osati kungodziwa luso / luso. Zomangamanga / ntchito / zofunikira pantchito zimasintha pakapita nthawi, koma kuthekera koti ganizirani mozamazimapanga . Humboldt amadzimva kuti "kuganiza mozama" kumachitika ophunzira akamalingalira malamulo oyambira asayansi, amagwiritsira ntchito kulingalira kotsimikizika, kulingalira mwanzeru, kukhala achidwi komanso kuwunika, osakhazikika kapena okhwima pazikhulupiriro (mwachitsanzo, ophunzira ayenera kuchoka anakhazikitsa zikhulupiliro ndikutsatira mfundo zowunikira; onaninso apa).

Ophunzira ayeneranso kudziwitsidwa kwambiri ndi umunthu (kukhala wotukuka kuti akhale nzika zabwino komanso zodziwika bwino (mwachitsanzo, kukhala ophunzira moyo wonse, kukhala otsutsa za Absolutism ndi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, kulimbikitsidwa podziwa za "kufalikira kwa mbiriyakale komanso kuchuluka kwachitukuko" [ h / t Steven Pinker], adziwitse ovota mwanzeru mu demokalase, ndi zina zotero). ¹

Mfundo ya Humboldt 2 : Humboldt adatsutsa mwamphamvu kuti kufufuza akuyenera kutengapo gawo lofunikira kwambiri kuyunivesite yamakono - ndikuphunzitsa ophunzira kuti akhale gawo la gulu lomwe limadziwa kuganiza, kukhala ndiudindo, komanso kulumikizana bwino liyenera kukwaniritsidwa kudzera mwa kuphatikiza kafukufuku ndi kuphunzitsa . Ophunzira ayenera kuwona "chilengedwe" cha chidziwitso chatsopano (Röhrs, 1987). Mayunivesite sindiwo malo ophunzitsira okha (mayunivesite si JMGS [Just-More-Grade-School]). Mayunivesite amakono ndiabwino madera ophunzira , "Universitas litterarum" zomwe zimapititsa patsogolo chidziwitso chatsopano mwa ophunzira komanso maphunziro-chidziwitso chothandizira thanzi la anthu, sayansi yoyambira, komanso gulu lowunikira kwambiri.

Umu ndi momwe Wilhelm von Humboldt adapangira King of Prussia. Uwu ndiye mgwirizano womwe udatsogolera ku mayunivesite amakono (osati kungophunzitsa masukulu). Boma limathandizira mayunivesite amakono monga malo ophunzirira bwino, ndipo onse ophunzira komanso gulu lonse lipindula pamapeto pake. Mgwirizanowu udakhala ngati poyambira moyo wathu wamakono.

Mfundo Yodzichepetsa 3 : The yunivesite yamakono ilipo kuti athandize ophunzira komanso gulu, koma iyenera kugwira ntchito ngati bungwe lodziyimira palokha , osatumikira mwachindunji zosowa za boma kapena tchalitchi kapena zolinga zilizonse zopangira phindu. Pafupifupi mayunivesite onse ndi osachita phindu mwachilengedwe, opangidwa kuti athandize anthu onse kudzera kuphunzitsa nzika (Yemwe akuyenera kudziwitsidwa ovota m'ma demokalase ngati kuli koyenera) ndi chidwi chidwi (osati zoyendetsedwa ndi phindu) kufunsa kwanzeru komwe kumatulutsa chidziwitso chatsopano .

Apulofesa ndi ophunzira ayenera kukhala omasuka kutsatira kufunsa kwamalangizo ndikupanga chidziwitso chatsopano kulikonse komwe chidwi chawo chiziwatsogolera (mwachitsanzo, ali nawo ufulu wamaphunziro !). M'kupita kwanthawi, ufulu wofufuza mayankho amafunso ofunikira (mosiyana ndi kutsatira) nthawi zambiri umabweretsa chidziwitso chakuya kwambiri.

Ndikuganiza kuti m'malo mongotsatira kutsogola kwamabizinesi azopanga ndalama ndikuyang'ana kukoleji monga kupanga ndalama kwakanthawi kochepa, mayunivesite akuyenera kulimbikitsa kuphunzitsa ophunzira kuti ganizirani mozama kwa moyo wonse, pangani zatsopano kuchokera pakufufuza komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chidwi, komanso sungani ufulu kuchokera kuboma, tchalitchi, ndi bizinesi yopanga phindu (ndi zodzitchinjiriza zonse zamayunivesite osiyanasiyana).

Chifukwa chake, m'malingaliro mwanga, kufunikira kwamaphunziro azosiyanasiyana zakugonana, ndipo chifukwa chake kuli ndi malo m'mayunivesite padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuti imatha kuchita zinthu zonsezi. Zimathandiza anthu kuganizira mozama za iwo eni komanso zogonana zina padziko lonse lapansi, zimapanga zida zatsopano zothandizidwa ndi sayansi zokulitsa thanzi labwino komanso thanzi, ndipo zimachita bwino ngati sizoyendetsedwa ndi maboma, mipingo, kapena bizinesi yopanga phindu zolinga.

Mapanga

Pali malingaliro ena pazolinga zamayunivesite, sindikutanthauza kutanthauza kuti mtundu wa Humboldt ndi umodzi wokha (inde, ndapereka lingaliro oyenera malingaliro amachitidwe a Humboldt ndi momwe amathandizira). Kuphatikiza apo, ambiri awona momwe masukulu ophunzirira m'mayunivesite osiyanasiyana amakhalira osiyanasiyana. Osati mayunivesite onse ayenera kukhala ofufuza kwambiri. Iyi ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, malingaliro amomwe ndimakonda kwambiri pamaphunziro oyambira-omwe amaposa mtundu wa Humboldt-adaperekedwa ndi Steven Pinker:

"Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti anthu ophunzira ayenera kudziwa kena kake zaka 13 biliyoni zisanachitike za zamoyo zathu komanso malamulo oyendetsera zinthu zamoyo ndi zamoyo, kuphatikizapo matupi athu ndi ubongo. Ayenera kumvetsetsa nthawi ya mbiri ya anthu kuyambira ulimi kuyambira pano mpaka pano. Ayenera kudziwitsidwa pakusiyanasiyana kwa zikhalidwe za anthu, ndi machitidwe akulu azikhulupiriro komanso kufunika komwe anthu amvetsetsa ndi miyoyo yawo. Ayenera kudziwa za zochitika zopanga mbiri m'mbiri ya anthu, kuphatikiza zolakwika zomwe tikuyembekeza kuti sizingabwerezenso. Ayenera kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyendetsera utsogoleri wa demokalase ndi malamulo. Ayenera kudziwa kuyamika ntchito zopeka komanso zaluso ngati magwero azisangalalo zokongola komanso zolimbikitsira kuganizira momwe munthu alili.

Pamwamba pa chidziwitso ichi, maphunziro owolowa manja ayenera kupanga zizolowezi zina zolozeranso zachilengedwe. Anthu ophunzira ayenera kufotokoza malingaliro ovuta polemba momveka bwino komanso poyankhula. Ayenera kuzindikira kuti chidziwitso chofunikira ndichinthu chamtengo wapatali, ndikudziwitsanso kusiyanitsa chowonadi ndi zamatsenga, mphekesera, ndi nzeru zosazolowereka zosadziwika. Ayenera kudziwa kulingalira mwanzeru komanso powerengera, kupewa zolakwika ndi malingaliro omwe malingaliro omwe sanaphunzitsidwe amakhala pachiwopsezo. Ayenera kulingalira mochenjera m'malo mwamatsenga, ndikudziwa zomwe zimatengera kusiyanitsa zomwe zimachitika mwanjira yolumikizana ndi mwangozi. Ayenera kudziwa bwino kulakwitsa kwa anthu, makamaka kwawo, ndikuzindikira kuti anthu omwe sagwirizana nawo siopusa kapena oyipa ayi. Chifukwa chake, akuyenera kuzindikira kufunika koyesa kusintha malingaliro mwa kukopa m'malo mowopseza kapena kuwalimbikitsa. ”

Tsopano ndicho cholinga chabwino, ndithudi.

¹ Pankhani ya Mfundo Ya 1 ya Humboldt ya ophunzira aku yunivesite mu kuwerenga maganizo (kudziletsa kwanga), American Psychological Association imalemba mndandanda wazolinga zingapo zofunika kukulitsa kulingalira bwino ...

• Cholinga 1: Pangani Chidziwitso (dziwani mfundo zazikuluzikulu, mfundo, mitu, magawo azinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito zina zazikulu)
• Cholinga 2: Pangani Kufufuza Kwa Sayansi ndi Maganizo Ovuta (phunzirani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito kulingalira kwasayansi kutanthauzira dziko lapansi, phunzirani kuchita zinthu mwanzeru komanso zophatikizira ndi kuthetsa mavuto; phunzirani momwe mungaganizire zochulukirapo)
• Cholinga 3: Kukhazikitsa Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Udindo Wapagulu Padziko Lonse (kudziwa momwe mungakhalire moyenerera; pangani ndikulimbikitsa ubale wosiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu ndi luso logwirira ntchito limodzi; khalani ndi malingaliro anu ndikukhala ndi utsogoleri womwe umamanga madera akumaloko, mayiko, komanso padziko lonse lapansi)
• Cholinga 4: Kulankhulana (phunzirani kulemba moyenera pazinthu zosiyanasiyana; phunzirani maluso owonetsera bwino pazinthu zosiyanasiyana)
• Cholinga 5: Development Professional (phunzirani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito maluso awa pazolinga za ntchito; phunzirani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito luso lanu lodziyimira pawokha kuti mukwaniritse zolinga zanu; khalani ndi pulani yofunika yamasewera moyo mukamaliza maphunziro)

Ponnusamy, R., & Pandurangan, J. (2014). Buku lamanja pamayunivesite. New Delhi, India: Ofalitsa Ogwirizana.

Röhrs, H. (1987). Lingaliro lachikhalidwe la yunivesite. Mu Mwambo ndi kusintha kwa yunivesite malinga ndi malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansie. New York: Ofalitsa a Peter Lang International Academic.