Zomwe Zimalowetsa Munthu Pansi Panjira ya Narcissism?

Zamkati

• Narcissism Yofunika Kuwerenga
• Kulungamitsa Kuponderezedwa: Zinthu Zomwe Timachita kwa Narcissist

Mukamaganizira momwe anthu amasinthira, mumaganiza kuti china chake chalakwika pakukula kwawo koyambirira? Kodi mumadzudzula makolo chifukwa chokhala ndi ana awo, kapena kodi mumaona kuti kunyoza kunayamba chifukwa chonyalanyaza ana ali aang'ono? Mwinanso mumawona kuti narcissism ndi chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chomwe chikubweretsa m'badwo wazaka chikwi kukhala anthu odzikonda komanso olemekezeka. Ngakhale narcissism sichinthu chachilendo, mutha kukhulupirira kuti chikuwonjezeka chifukwa cha ma selfies komanso media media.

Ochita kafukufuku adanenanso zabodza kuti zaka zikwizikwi ndizosangalatsa kuposa mibadwo yam'mbuyomu (mwachitsanzo Wetzel et al., 2017), koma nthanoyo imakhalabe yogwira ntchito pagulu. Kafukufuku watsopano amathandizira kutsutsa uku kwa nthano zachabechabe ndikuwonjezera kumvetsetsa kwamomwe angapangitse wachinyamata kuti ayende njira ya narcissism. Ku Netherlands, a Michael Grosz aku University of Tübingen ndi anzawo (2019) adatsogolera gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi la ofufuza zaumunthu pakuphunzira kwanthawi yayitali zakusintha kwa ziphunzitso zakale zaka zomaliza pakati pomaliza sukulu yasekondale komanso zaka ziwiri pambuyo pomaliza maphunziro awo kukoleji. Kafukufuku wawo adayamba ngati kuyesa kwa "kukhwima," lingaliro loti achinyamata akamakumana ndi zovuta zakusintha kuyambira zaka zoyambira (zaka za m'ma 20) kupita pakulimbitsa thupi, amakhala okhazikika pamaganizidwe, ovomerezeka, achikumbumtima, komanso olimba mtima pagulu. (odziyimira pawokha komanso kudzidalira pagulu). Kunena mwachidule, anthu akamakalamba "amakhala pansi" ndikukhala okhazikika, ngati mwina osachita zambiri. Chifukwa kukhwima kumaneneratu kuti anthu amakhalabe okhazikika, pali lingaliro loti aliyense amasintha pang'ono kapena pang'ono pamlingo wofanana.

Izi zati, sikuti aliyense amasintha mofananira, ndipo chifukwa choti zokumana nazo pamoyo wa anthu zimasinthasintha akamakalamba, pamakhala mwayi wambiri woti anthu ayambe kutuluka wina ndi mnzake ndikukhala osiyana kwambiri ndi anzawo anzawo. Ganizirani za miyoyo ya inu ndi bwenzi lanu lapamtima kuyambira ku pulayimale. Mwinamwake munali ofanana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake pamene munali achichepere, ndipo ndicho chimene chinakupangitsani kukondana. Komabe, mudapanga chisankho chimodzi pamoyo wanu, monga kusamukira ku mzinda wina kapena mwina dziko lina, ndipo mnzanuyo sanakhalitse. Inu nonse tsopano mudzakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zikukhudzana ndi madera anu atsopanowa, kuyambira ndale mpaka zopereka m'misika yamisika yakwanuko.

Kafukufuku wamtali yekha ndi omwe angapeze mtundu wa zosintha zomwe zimachitika mwa anthu pakapita nthawi, makamaka ngati maphunzirowa akuphatikizira zowonjezera zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi zokumana nazo m'moyo. Maphunziro abwino kwambiri, amawonjezeranso pagulu limodzi la anthu pomwe amakula pakapita nthawi.Kubwerera ku lingaliro ili la zaka zikwizikwi ndi umunthu wawo, mwina mungafunse ngati anthu omwe anakulira ndi zomwe zidachitika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 akuwonetsa zosintha zosiyanasiyana kuposa omwe anali m'badwo wakale. Grosz ndi omwe adathandizana nawo adatha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wamtundu woterewu wophunzitsira momwe adaphunzirira kusekondale kumapeto kwa zaka zakukoleji m'magulu awiri osiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, gulu lofufuzira lapadziko lonse lapansi lidakulitsa kuphunzira kwawo kwa umunthu kuchokera pamikhalidwe yomwe idafufuzidwa kale malinga ndi Five-Factor Model (yomwe idanenedwa ndi Roberts et al., 2008) kuphatikizaponso kunamizira zamatsenga ndi mtundu wina wofanana wa Machiavellianism, chizolowezi chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi ena. Kusanthula kwawo sikunangoyang'ana pamitundu ya kusintha, komanso zochitika m'moyo zomwe zingapangitse masinthidwe amenewo.

Kutanthauzira kwa narcissism komwe kumatsogolera Gratz et al. kuphunzira kumayang'ana kwambiri pamakhalidwe "osiririka," momwe anthu "amaika patsogolo zolinga zothandizirana (udindo, wapadera, kuthekera, komanso kupambana) kuposa zolinga zamgwirizano (kuyanjana, kutentha, ubale, kuvomereza komanso malingaliro amderalo)." Anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chodzinenera "amayesetsa kusunga ndikulitsa kudzidalira kwakukulu ndikupeza chilolezo chakunja chazikhulupiriro zazikulu" (tsamba 468). Machiavellianism imaphatikizaponso kufunafuna zolinga zothandizila, koma kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana. "Maganizo okayika," omwe a Machiavellis apadziko lonse lapansi, amawona anthu ena kuti ali pomwepo kuti azunzidwa. Zotsatira zake, anthu opeza mwayi awa "amapeputsa zolinga zamakhalidwe abwino komanso mantha kuti ena adzawapondereza, kuwapweteka, kapena kuwadyera masuku pamutu ngati alibe mphamvu kapena mphamvu zokwanira" (tsamba 468).

Pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso kuchokera ku "Transformation of the Secondary School System and Academic Careers" kuphunzira kwakanthawi (kofupikitsidwa ngati "TOSCA"), Grosz ndi omwe adathandizana nawo adasanthula kusintha kwakutali kwa ophunzira aku sekondale omwe adayesedwa koyamba mu 2002 ndipo gulu lachiwiri lidayamba ku 2006. Ngakhale nthawi yazaka zinayi imakhala gawo locheperako pofotokozera gulu, kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu kumapangitsa kuti zisinthe momwe zimakhalira kuyambira koyambirira kupita pagulu lachiwiri. Zitsanzo za TOSCA zinali zazikulu (4,962 koyambirira ndi 2,572 kwachiwiri), kulola gulu lofufuzira kuti lingoyesa osati kusintha kwa nthawi komanso zochitika zosiyanasiyana pamoyo zomwe zingakhudze umunthu wawo. Kuphatikiza apo, olembawo adatha kuyesa lingaliro lakumbali potengera chiyembekezo chosangalatsa chomwe kusankha kwa wophunzira kukoleji yayikulu kumawonetsa, ndikukhudzidwa ndi, mikhalidwe yaumunthu. Makamaka, Grosz et al. ankakhulupirira kuti ophunzira omwe akutsogolera zachuma adzakhudzidwa ndi maphunziro awo kuti akhale ndi "zizolowezi zachiwerewere" mwa mawonekedwe apamwamba okondwerera komanso Machiavellianism apamwamba. Lingaliro limeneli lidachokera pakuphunzira zambiri za umunthu komanso zokumana nazo zaku koleji.

Potengera zomwe TOSCA idalemba, olembawo adafunsa ophunzira kuti awone, zaka ziwiri zilizonse, zokumana nazo zokumana ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo zochitika zamoyo 30. Potengera kutsindika kwa phunziroli pa zolinga za wothandizirana (aliyense) motsutsana ndi zolinga zammagulu (gulu), olembawo adagawika zochitika m'moyo m'magulu omwe amawonetsa izi. Kusanthula kovuta komwe olemba adasanthula, kenako, kusintha kwakutali, kusiyanasiyana kwamagulu, komanso zomwe zimachitika m'moyo, kuphatikiza zokumana nazo pokhala wamkulu wachuma.

Zomwe apezazi zidawonetsa, choyambirira, kuti chidwi chazosangalatsa chakhala chokhazikika pazaka zonse kuyambira kusekondale mpaka pambuyo pa koleji. Olembawo amakhulupirira kuti ngati akanatsatira ophunzirawo kwa nthawi yayitali, atadutsa zaka zoyambira zoyambirira, kuyamikiridwa ndi nkhanza kukadakhala kukuwonetsa kuchepa monga zidawonedwera kafukufuku wakale. Kumbali inayi, kuchepa kwa kuchepa kumeneku kunapangitsa olemba kuti awunikenso zomwe ananena kuti kunyoza kumachepa kukugwirizana ndi mfundo yokhwima: ) ali wachikulire ”(p. 476). Mwanjira ina, mwina achikulire amakupeza kukhala kopindulitsa kuyesa kukwaniritsa kuzindikira ndi kudziwika monga akudzikhalira mdziko lapansi.

Pazinthu zamoyo zomwe zidaphatikizidwa mu kafukufukuyu, kuchuluka kwakusilira kwamankhwala osokoneza bongo kumalumikizidwa ndi kusintha koyeserera pakudya kapena kugona, ndikuwonetsa kuti zinthu zikamayenda bwino, anthu amadzimva kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino. Ndikothekanso kuti atamaliza koleji, achinyamata amatha kusintha ndandanda zawo, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azikhala ndi chiyembekezo komanso chiyembekezo. Kuthetsa chibwenzi chinali chochitika china chamoyo chomwe chimakhudzana ndikuwonjezeka kosilira. Kupeza kowoneka ngati kopanda tanthauzo kumeneku kumatha kufotokozedwa, monga olemba adanenera, poti chibwenzi chitatha, anthu amakhala osakhazikika pagulu ndipo amangoyang'ana kwambiri zolinga zothandizila, mwachitsanzo, iwowo. Komabe, ndizothekanso kuti anthu omwe amakhala othandiza kwambiri amakhala osakondana kwambiri. Kusintha mayunivesite kunali kusintha kwachinayi kwa moyo komwe kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezera kukondwerera kwamanyazi. Zonsezi zikusonyeza, kwa olembawo, kuti anthu omwe amasintha moyo wosatha atha kukhala ndi moyo wabwino: "kuwongolera kofunikira komwe kumatha kupatsa mphamvu komanso kudzidalira ndikupangitsa chidwi chamankhwala" (p (479)).

Narcissism Yofunika Kuwerenga

Kulungamitsa Kuponderezedwa: Zinthu Zomwe Timachita kwa Narcissist