Kodi Psychology's Genius Yoyamba Yowona Anali Ndani?

Nayi mayeso a chinthu chimodzi: "Ndani adayambitsa sayansi ya psychology?"

Yankho limodzi lingakhale "William James," yemwe adalemba buku loyambirira la psychology, Mfundo za Psychology, mu 1890.

Mungapeze mfundo zina zochepa poyankha "Wilhelm Wundt." Zowonadi, Wundt adayamba labotale yoyamba ku 1879, ku University of Leipzig, ndipo a William James adalimbikitsidwa kuti aphunzire zamisala pomwe adawerenga imodzi mwa mapepala a Wundt mu 1868, pomwe amapita ku Germany.

Koma Wundt iyemwini anali atayamba ntchito yake yothandizira labu kwa munthu yemwe ndingamusankhe ngati waluso loyambirira la psychology: Hermann Helmholtz.

Helmholtz adapereka zopereka zazikulu zopitilira ma psychology amakono:

1. Anali woyamba kuyeza liwiro la chidwi cham'mitsempha. (Pochita izi, Helmholtz adasokoneza lingaliro lakale loti ziwonetsero zamanjenje zimachitika nthawi yomweyo, zimayenda mwachangu kwambiri.)

2. Adatsogola lingaliro la trichromatic la masomphenya amitundu , akuwonetsa bwino kuti panali mitundu itatu yamitundu yolandirira m'maso, yomwe imayankha makamaka kubuluu, wobiriwira, ndi wofiira (zomwe zidatsimikizika zaka zana pambuyo pake). Chiphunzitsochi chimatsutsana ndi malingaliro, chodziwika bwino zaka zochepa nthawi yake isanafike, kuti mtundu uliwonse wamitsempha yamitsempha imatha kutumiza mtundu uliwonse wazidziwitso. Sizinangotanthauza kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma neuron imafalitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazidziwitso, komanso kuti ngakhale mkati mwakuwona, panali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazidziwitso yomwe imatumizidwa motsatira ma neuron osiyanasiyana m'maso.

Pali vuto limodzi lodziwitsa Helmholtz ngati luso loyamba la psychology: Helmholtz sakanati adzifotokozere ngati katswiri wazamisala. Izi ndichifukwa choti kunalibenso gawo ngati psychology koyambirira kwa ma 1800. Wilhelm Wundt adaphunzitsidwa ngati biologist, ndipo William James ngati wafilosofi. Koma Wundt ndi James adadzimasulira okha ngati akatswiri amisala. Komano Helmholtz, adayamba ntchito yake ngati profesa wa physiology, ndipo atayamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwakanthawi, adasintha ukadaulo wake kuti akhale profesa wa fizikiya. Zaka zake zomaliza sizinaperekedwe pakufufuza kwasayansi kwamalingaliro, koma ku thermodynamics, metology, ndi electromagnetism. Zowonadi, zopereka za Helmholtz ku fizikiya zidamupatsa ulemu waukulu. Zoperekazo zidapangitsa kuti amfumu amukweze kwa olemekezeka (chifukwa chake dzina lake adakhala Hermann von Helmholtz). (Moyo wa Helmholtz sunali nsanza zenizeni pankhani yachuma, koma zinali nkhani yodziwika bwino yopita patsogolo. Abambo ake anali mphunzitsi, ndipo analibe njira yotumiza mwana wawo waluso kuyunivesite kuti akaphunzire fizikisi. M'malo mwake, Helmholtz adatenga Ubwino wamgwirizano woperekedwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Prussian - amamulipirira maphunziro ake azamankhwala, ngati angavomere kukhala zaka 8 ngati dokotala wa opaleshoni atamaliza maphunziro). Pofuna kukhala membala wa olemekezeka pazinthu zomwe adachita mu fizikiki, komanso kulimbikitsa akatswiri azamisala monga Wundt ndi James, Helmholtz adapangitsanso opthalmoscope, ndikulemba buku la optics lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa theka la zaka zana. Pomwe amayenera kuti amaphunzira Chilatini kusukulu yasekondale, m'malo mwake amapanga zithunzi zowoneka pansi pa tebulo lake. Ali ku sukulu ya zamankhwala, adapeza nthawi yoimba piyano, adawerenga Goethe ndi Byron, ndikuphunzira ma calculus (Fancher & Rutherford, 2015).

Tiyeni tiwone makamaka zomwe zinali zanzeru pamaphunziro ang'onoang'ono awa a polymath pazokakamira za neural ndi malingaliro ake owonera mitundu, ngakhale.

Kutseka liwiro la kukhudzika kwa neural.

Kodi pali vuto lanji pakuyeza kuthamanga kwa chidwi cha neural? Asanafike nthawi ya Helmholtz, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti kukokomeza kwamitsempha yamagetsi kumachitika nthawi yomweyo, kumayenda mopanda malire kapena kufulumira kwambiri. Pini ikamenyetsa chala chanu, potero, ubongo wanu umazindikira nthawi yomweyo. Mlangizi wake wa a Helmholtz, katswiri wodziwa bwino za thupi a Johannes Müller, adalongosola kuti izi zimafalikira mwachangu ngati kunja kwa kafukufuku wasayansi, chitsanzo cha "mphamvu yamoyo" yodabwitsa yomwe idalimbikitsa zochitika zamoyo zonse.

Koma Helmholtz ndi ena mwa ophunzira ena a Müller amakhulupirira kuti kulibe mphamvu yodabwitsa chonchi. M'malo mwake, amaganiza kuti ngati mungawunikire chilichonse chomwe chikuchitika m'thupi, mupeza kungoyenda kwa zinthu zoyambira zamankhwala ndi zakuthupi. Monga pulofesa wachichepere ku Yunivesite ya Konigsberg, Helmholtz adapanga zida zomwe zidalumikiza phazi la chule kupita ku galvanometer, m'njira yoti mphepo yomwe imadutsa mu mnofu wa chuleyo imatha kukankha komwe kumazimitsa magetsi. Zomwe adapeza ndikuti atatseka mwendo wa chule pafupi ndi phazi, chipwirikicho chidachitika mwachangu kwambiri kuposa pomwe adakweza mwendowo. Chipangizochi chidamupangitsa kuti alingalire liwiro lenileni - chizindikirocho chimawoneka kuti chikuyenda minyewa ya mwendo wa chule pa 57 mph.

Kenako adabwereza phunzirolo ndi anthu amoyo. Anaphunzitsanso omvera ake kukanikiza batani akangomva kugwiranagwirana m'miyendo. Akakhomera chala chake, zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti mutuwo ulembetsedwe kuposa nthawi yomwe amadula ntchafu. Zachidziwikire, chala chake chimachokera kuubongo, kotero izi zidawonetsa kuti kukakamira kwa neural kumatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri kuti alembetse akafunika kupita patali. Izi zinali zodabwitsa chifukwa nthawi zambiri anthu amakhala ndi malingaliro amomwe amachitika nthawi yomweyo. Ndipo panthawiyo, ma physiologists anali akuganiza kuti zomwe zikuchitikazo ziyenera kukhalanso nthawi yomweyo. Tikadakhala kuti tili ndi anamgumi mwangozi, zingatenge pafupifupi sekondi yathunthu kuti ubongo wathu udziwe kuti nsomba yatiluma kumchira, ndi mphindi yina yathunthu kutumiza uthenga ku minofu ya mchira kuti ipititse nsomba.

M'zaka zana zotsatira, akatswiri a zamaganizidwe adagwiritsa ntchito njirayi "pochita nthawi", kuyigwiritsa ntchito poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa momwe ma neural processing amagwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana (kugawa kwakutali kapena kumasulira chiganizo mchilankhulo chathu chachiwiri motsutsana ndi kuwonjezera manambala awiri kapena kuwerenga chimodzimodzi sentensi mchilankhulo chathu, mwachitsanzo).

Mitundu itatu yolandirira utoto m'maso

A Johannes Müller, omwe anali mlangizi wa a Helmholtz, atha kukhala kuti anali ndi chikhulupiriro chamakedzana chazamoyo, koma adalimbikitsanso malingaliro atsopano, kuphatikiza "lamulo lamphamvu zapadera" - lomwe linali lingaliro loti mitsempha iliyonse amachita mtundu umodzi wokha wazambiri. Wolemba mbiri wa Psychology a Raymond Fancher ananena kuti lingaliro lakale m'mbuyomo linali loti ma neuron anali machubu opanda pake omwe amatha kupatsira mphamvu zamtundu uliwonse - utoto, kuwala, voliyumu, kamvekedwe, ngakhale kununkhira kapena kukoma kapena khungu. Koma lingaliro latsopano linali loti mphamvu iliyonse inali ndi ma neuron ake osiyana.

Lingaliro la trichromatic limanena kuti linali lodziwika bwino kuposa kuti - diso likhoza kukhala ndi mitundu itatu yolandirira, iliyonse ikufalitsa zambiri za gawo lina la sipekitiramu. Helmholtz adazindikira kuti mitundu yonse yosiyanasiyana ya sipekitiramu imatha kumangidwanso ndikuphatikiza magetsi amitundu itatu yayikulu - yamtambo, yobiriwira, ndi yofiira. Mukayatsa kuwala kobiriwira komanso kofiira pamalo omwewo, mudzawona chikaso. Ngati muwala kuwala kwa buluu ndi kofiira pamalo omwewo mudzawona zofiirira, ndipo ngati muwala mitundu yonse itatu, mudzawona zoyera. Helmholtz adatengera izi kuti mwina ubongo umatha kudziwa mtundu womwe mumayang'ana ngati ungaphatikizire chidziwitso kuchokera ku mitundu itatu ya ma retinal receptors. Ngati zolandilira zofiira zikuwombera, koma mabuluwo ali chete, mukuwona zofiira zowala, ngati buluu ndi zofiira zonse zikuwombera pang'ono, mukuwona zofiirira, ndi zina zambiri. dokotala waku Britain a Thomas Young, koma Helmholtz adakulitsa bwino kwambiri. Lero, chiphunzitsochi chimatchedwa Malingaliro achichepere-Helmholtz trichromatic.

Patatha zaka zana limodzi, mu 1956, katswiri wazolimbitsa thupi ku Yunivesite ya Helsinki wotchedwa Gunnar Svaetichin adapeza chilimbikitso chachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito ma microelectrode kuti alembe zikwangwani zotumizidwa ndimaselo osiyanasiyana m'matope a nsomba. Zachidziwikire, zina zinali zowoneka bwino kubuluu, zina kubiriwira, ndipo zina kufiyira.

Ngakhale chiphunzitsochi chisanachirikizidwe mwachindunji, chinali ndi tanthauzo lofunikira kwambiri - makanema apawailesi yakanema amanyengerera diso kuti liwone mitundu osati kutulutsa mitundu yonse ya utawaleza, koma pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yokha ya mapikiselo - ofiira, obiriwira, ndi amtambo, ndi kutsegula kuwala pa iliyonse ya njira zitatuzi kumatulutsa zithunzi zomwe ubongo wathu umawona ngati lalanje lowala, khungu lofewa, miyala yamtengo wapatali ya turquoise, ndi lavenda wonyezimira.

Psychophysics ndikupeza kwamunthu

Kuganizira za Helmholtz, ndi "ma psychophysicist" anzake, kungatipangitse kudziwa zambiri zomwe taphunzira pazikhalidwe za anthu mzaka mazana awiri zapitazi. Afilosofi adakambirana mafunso angapo okhudza momwe malingaliro amawonetsera chilengedwe chonse, koma ma psychophysicists adatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano komanso zovuta za sayansi kuti ayankhe mafunso ena ofunikira. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo adapanga njira zofananira ndendende kusintha kwamphamvu zathupi lamafunde amawu ndi mafunde owala, kenako ma psychophysicists adapanga njira zolembera momwe zokumana nazo za anthu zidasinthira, kapena sizinasinthe, komanso zosintha zathupi. Zomwe adapeza ndikuti zomwe ubongo wamunthu umakumana nazo sizomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi. Mitundu ina yamphamvu yakuthupi, monga kuwala kwa infrared kapena mafunde omveka kwambiri, sitiwoneka kwa ife, koma imadziwika ndi nyama zina (monga njuchi ndi mileme). Mitundu ina yamphamvu ndiyofunika kwambiri kwa ife, koma osati kwa amphaka ndi agalu athu (omwe alibe mitundu yolandirira mitundu, ndikuwona dziko lonse lakuda ndi loyera, kupatula ndikamvekera bwino kwambiri).

Douglas T. Kenrick ndi wolemba wa:

• Zanyama Zomveka: Momwe chisinthiko chidatipangira ife kukhala anzeru kuposa momwe timaganizira, ndi za:
• Kugonana, Kupha, ndi Tanthauzo la Moyo: Katswiri wamaganizidwe amafufuza momwe chisinthiko, kuzindikira, ndi zovuta zimasinthira malingaliro athu amunthu.

Mabulogu okhudzana

• Kodi pali anzeru ena pankhani yama psychology? Kodi psychology ingagwire kandulo ku sayansi yamakompyuta?
• Omwe ali anzeru zama psychology (gawo II). Akatswiri ena amisala omwe ndimawadziwa.
• Kodi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha psychology ndi chiyani?

Zolemba

• Jameson, D., & Hurvich LM (1982). Gunnar Svaetichin: munthu wamasomphenya. Kupita Patsogolo Kwazachipatala ndi Kafukufuku Wachilengedwe, 13, 307-10.
• Wachinyamata, R. E., & Rutherford, A. (2016). Apainiya a psychology (Kusindikiza kwachisanu). New York: WW Anayankha Norton & Co.