Chifukwa chiyani Psychology Imafunikira Kuzindikira Zakale Zakale

Kafukufuku wamabwinja amatipatsa kuzindikira kwamakhalidwe a anthu masiku ano, kuphatikiza kapangidwe ka umunthu komanso kuthekera kwa umunthu.

Zochita motsogozedwa ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino akuwononga kusiyanasiyana kwachikhalidwe komanso thanzi la anthu ndi mapulaneti (Amel, Manning, Scott & Koger, 2017). Komabe, gawo la psychology limakhazikitsidwa mchikhalidwe chomwechi (Kidner, 2001). Psychology, yozikika mu filosofi yakumadzulo, imasokonezedwa ndi malingaliro am'malingaliro omwe chikhalidwe chakumadzulo nthawi zambiri chimangowanyalanyaza koma zomwe zitha kusokoneza kusintha pakukhala ndi thanzi labwino (Small, 2008). Ndidawunikiranso zina mwamaganizidwe amenewa mchimutu changa, "Pofunafuna Zoyambira: Chifukwa Chiyani Psychology Imafunikira Kuzindikira Zakale Zakale" mu Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology: Psychology mu Mbiri Yakale (Narvaez, 2019). Izi ndi zina mwa zomwe ndidakambirana.

Nthawi Yowonetsedwa ndi Kutalika Kwa Kukhalapo Kwa Anthu

Ngakhale sayansi yatisonyeza mosiyana, kulimbitsa mbali zambiri zamaphunziro aku Western ndi lingaliro loti chikhalidwe chathu chaumunthu chikuyimiridwa bwino mzaka 6,000 zapitazi, nthawi yomwe ikufotokoza kwambiri chitukuko komanso fanizo lofotokozedwa m'Baibulo. Mwachitsanzo, afilosofi ndi psychology okhudzidwa ndi ukoma ndi makhalidwe abwino nthawi zambiri samangoyang'ana malingaliro akale achi Greek pazoyambira.

Koma kapangidwe ka chitukuko komanso nthawi ino yakhala ikuwonongedwa ndi dziko lapansi komanso yowononga psyche (Berman, 2000; Kidner, 2001). Madera achikhalidwe, monga San Bushmen, omwe akhala zaka zopitilira 150,000, amapanga gwero labwino lazoyambira anthu, kuwonetsa moyo wathanzi, wolimba, komanso wokhutira (mwachitsanzo, Suzman, 2017).

Kuwona Molakwika Mkhalidwe Waumunthu

Lingaliro la kuchimwa koyambirira, kapena chibadwa cholakwika, limawoneka kuti lakhazikika m'malingaliro ambiri okhudzana ndi kufunikira kwachitukuko (olamulira olamulidwa ndi malamulo okakamizidwa) kuti athetse kudzikonda komanso nkhanza (mwachitsanzo, Hobbes, 1651/2010; Pinker, 2011). Koma mbiri yakuya ikuwonetsa kuti izi sizingakhale choncho, popeza 95-99% ya mbiri ya anthu idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu osiyana, omwe samakakamiza m'mimba, kusagwirizana, kapena ma egos akulu (Fry, 2006).

Kukondera Kuwerenga

Ndi mizu yake mufilosofi yakumadzulo, psychology imatenga kuwerenga (kuwerenga ndi kulemba chilankhulo cha anthu) ngati kuthekera kwa umunthu. Komabe, kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga kumatha kusintha kuzindikira komanso njira zoganizira zamagulu am'maganizo komanso ubale komanso kuchepa chidwi (Ong, 2002; Wamng'ono, 2008). Mwachitsanzo: Ndipo akuwonetsa "kuwerenga kwachilengedwe" komwe kumathandiza kukhala ndi moyo wanzeru padziko lapansi, kuti asawononge malo okhala (Berman, 2000).

Kukondera Kwakufuna Kuchotsa

Chikhalidwe chakumadzulo chimakondera kukhazikitsidwa kwadongosolo padziko lapansi pogawa magawo ndi kuwunika komwe kumayambitsa-ndi-zotsatira. Anthu osatukuka ali ndi chidziwitso chachikulu, chanzeru komanso chanzeru chotsogozedwa ndi chidziwitso ndi "mtima" (Ingold, 2005, 2011; Sorenson, 1998).

Kukondera Kudzikonda

Psychology nthawi zambiri imaganiza kuti munthuyo ndiye gawo lalikulu laumunthu, kuyiwala kuti poyamba mwana aliyense amakhala ndi mayi yemwe amasamalira ndikuwongolera zomwe mwana adzachite mtsogolo. Mbiri yathu yamakolo inali gulu la osamalira omizidwa mdziko lapansi, pomwe mwanayo amakhala ndi chidwi chokhudzana ndi umunthu ndi dziko lapansi (Berman, 2000; Hrdy, 2009; Narvaez, 2014). M'malo mokhala mitundu yodziwika bwino, otalikirana ndi ena amakhala achilengedwe pamitundu yofanana ndi yathu.

Zotsatira Zoyambira Zosintha Izi

Akatswiri ambiri amisala komanso azungu nthawi zambiri samadziwa zomwe sakudziwa (Kidner, 2001). M'malo momvetsetsa kuti zoyambira zamaganizidwe ndi mitundu yachilengedwe ndipo sikuti imalimbikitsa kukula kwa mitundu ya anthu komanso kuthekera kwawo, anthu amakhala mkati, amakhala ndi zoyipa, kapena amatuluka kunja, kuwadzudzula "iwo" chifukwa chakumva kuwawa (Narvaez, 2014; Narvaez & Witherington, 2018 ). Kidner (2001) amapereka ndemanga zabwino:

Kulumikizana kwamaganizidwe pakati pama psychology ndi gulu lazamalonda kuli ndi zotsatira ziwiri zazikulu. Choyamba; zimapangitsa malingaliro a psychology onena za mtundu wina waumwini kumaoneka ngati wachilengedwe komanso wosadabwitsa, popeza ife eni ake timangoganiza chimodzimodzi; ndipo chachiwiri, zimawononga kuthekera kwama psychology kuthekera kuyankhapo ndikuwunika mtundu wa umunthu, machitidwe ndi zokumana nazo zomwe zimavomerezedwa ngati "zabwinobwino" mdziko lamakono. Ndipo ichi ndiye gwero lalikulu la kulephera kwa psychology kuthandiza pakuwunika kulikonse kwamasiku ano; chifukwa ndi mitundu "yabwinobwino" ya umunthu, machitidwe, ndi chidziwitso zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikuzunza ndi kudula zachilengedwe. (Kidner, 2001, tsamba 50)

Kusunthira Magawo Osiyana Ndi Mitundu Yambiri

Nazi njira zosinthira kulingalira kwathu ndi momwe timakhalira kuzinthu zachilengedwe, poganizira mbiri yathu (momwe tidagwiritsira ntchito 99% ya mbiriyakale yathu):

• Mvetsetsani kuti chilengedwe chisanakhalepo ndi zaka mabiliyoni. Anthu ndi amodzi mwa mamembala ambiri ammudzimo.
• Pitani ku chitukuko chachitukuko chaumunthu (chisa chosinthika), zinthu zambiri zam'mamayi zomwe zimakhala zaka 20 miliyoni, zasungidwa m'mibadwo yambirimbiri chifukwa adathandizira makolo athu kupulumuka, kuchita bwino ndikubereka m'mibadwo yambiri (Narvaez, 2014; Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore & Gleason, 2013).
• Ndondomeko zapangidwe zomwe zimathandizira kupezeka kwa chisa ndi anthu (Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore & Gleason, 2013).
• Mafunso omwe amafooketsa kupereka chisa.
• Phunzirani za maluso, kudziwa ndi mitundu yazidziwitso zomwe San Bushmen ndi madera ena ofanana akuwonetsa (mwachitsanzo, Berman, 2000; Cooper, 1998; Ingold, 2005, 2011; Lee & Daly, 2005; Narvaez, Four Arrows, Collier, Halton & Enderle, 2019; Shepard, 1998).
• Yambani kuphunzira njira zanzeru zachilengedwe (Mivi Yina, 2020; 2021; Mivi Yina & Narvaez, pokonzekera komaliza). Mwachitsanzo, apa pali lamulo limodzi: ndife a dziko lapansi, dziko lapansi si lathu.
• Pangani zomwe mumakonda (Young, Haas & McGown, 2010). Yesani masiku 28 a Eco Attachment Dance.

Berman, M. (2000). Kuyandikira Mulungu: Kafukufuku wazikhalidwe zosamukasamuka zauzimu. Albany: State University ya New York Press.

Cooper, T. (1998). Nthawi chinyengo chisanachitike: Chowonadi pakulankhulana, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe. Santa Fe, NM: Zolemba Zoyera.

Mivi Inayi (2016). Malo onyamuka. Charlotte, NC: Kusindikiza Kwa Zaka Zambiri.

Mivi Inayi (2020). Red Road: Kulumikiza Zosiyanasiyana ndi Inclusions Initiatives ku Indigenous Worldview. Charlottesville, NC: Kusindikiza Kwa Zaka Zambiri.

Mivi Inayi (2021). Kukhala mawu a Bull: Kubwerera m'mbuyo mtsogolo. Glen Ellyn, IL: Atolankhani a DIO.

Mivi Inayi, & Narvaez, D. (pomaliza kukonzekera). Kukula Kwachilengedwe ndi Kukula Kwa Kincentric: Ndemanga Zosankhidwa ndi Zowonera Padziko Lonse Pakuwukitsanso Dziko Lapansi. Mabuku a North Atlantic.

Mwachangu, D. P. (2006). Kuthekera kwamunthu kwamtendere: Vuto laling'ono lalingaliro lazoganiza za nkhondo ndi ziwawa. New York: Oxford University Press.

Henley, T., Rossano, M., & Kardas, E. (Eds.) (2019). Handbook of archaeology yodziwitsa: Maganizo. London: Njira.

Hobbes, T. (1651/2010) Leviathan, Kusinthidwa. Ku Martinich, A.P. & Battiste, B. (Mkonzi.). Peterborough, ONT: Broadview Press.

Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Hrdy, S. (2009). Amayi ndi ena: Chiyambi cha kusamvetsetsana. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Ingold, T. (2005). Pazoyanjana ndi gulu la osaka-osonkhanitsa. Mu R.B Lee, R.B. & R. Daly (Eds.), Buku la Cambridge la osaka ndi osonkhanitsa (pp. 399-410). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ingold, T. (2011). Lingaliro lazachilengedwe: Zolemba pa zaumoyo, pokhala ndi luso. London: Njira.

Wamphongo, DW (2001). Chilengedwe ndi psyche: Zowonongeka zachilengedwe komanso ndale za kugonjera. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Lee, RB, & Daly, R. (Eds.) (2005). Encyclopedia ya Cambridge ya alenje ndi osonkhanitsa. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Narvaez, D. (2014). Neurobiology ndikukula kwamakhalidwe amunthu: Kusintha, chikhalidwe ndi nzeru. New York, NY: WW. Norton, PA

Masewera a Narvaez, D. (2019). Pofufuza zoyambira: Chifukwa chiyani psychology imafunikira zokumbidwa zakale. Mu T. Henley, M. Rossano & E. Kardas (Eds.), Handbook of archaeology yodziwika bwino: Njira yamaganizidwe (pp. 104-119). London: Njira.

Narvaez, D., Mivi Inayi, Halton, E., Collier, B., Enderle, G. (Eds.) (2019). Nzeru Zokhazikika Zachilengedwe: Dziko Loyamba Lidziwa Bwinobwino Padziko Lonse Lapansi. New York: Peter Lang.

Narvaez, D., Panksepp, J., Schore, A., & Gleason, T. (Eds.) (2013). Kusintha, zokumana nazo zoyambirira komanso chitukuko cha anthu: Kuchokera pakufufuza mpaka pakuchita ndi mfundo. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Narvaez, D., & Witherington, D. (2018). Kufikira pazoyambira za umunthu, chitukuko ndi thanzi. Zakale za Scientific Psychology, 6 (1), 205-213. DOI: 10.1037 / arc0000053

Ong, W. (2002). Makhalidwe ndi kuwerenga. New York: Njira.

Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Pinker, S. (2011). Angelo abwinobwino a chikhalidwe chathu. New York: Viking.

Shepard, P. (1998). Kubwera Kwathu ku Pleistocene (Shepard, FR, Ed.). Washington DC: Island Press / Shearwater Mabuku.

Wamng'ono, DL (2008). Pa mbiri yakuya ndi ubongo. Berkeley: Yunivesite ya California Press.

Sorenson, ER (1998). Dziwani bwino. Mu H. Wautischer (Mkonzi.), Tribal epistemologies (pp. 79-115). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

Suzman, J. (2017). Chuma chopanda kuchuluka: Dziko lomwe limasowa ma Bushmen. New York: Bloomsbury.

Achinyamata, J., Haas, E., & McGown, E. (2010). Upangiri wa Coyote wolumikizana ndi chilengedwe, 2nd ed .. Santa Cruz, CA: Owlink Media.