Ulendo Wosangalatsa: Kunyumba Kwa Ana ndi Agalu

Zamkati

• Nkhani yokhazikika ya momwe tidakumana. . .
• Nkhani yabwinoko?
• Koma dikirani! Kodi zoweta kwenikweni ndi chiyani?
• Komano kodi zoweta ndi chiyani?

Sizosatheka kunena kuti agalu ndi anthu adapangira wina ndi mnzake, ngakhale momwe mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu iwiri yosiyanayi idakhalira ndi chinsinsi cha mbiri yakale. Amadziwika, ngakhale zili choncho, kuti mwachilengedwe, agalu ( Canis lupus familiaris ) ndi mimbulu ( Canis lupus ) ndizofanana kwambiri, kotero kuti akatswiri azanyama amavomereza kuti agalu amakono ndi mimbulu yoweta - kapena kunena lilime ili patsaya, agalu ndi mimbulu yovala zovala za nkhosa. Ngati izi ndi zoona, ndiye kuti funso lodziwikiratu kuti ndi zomwe zidachitika padziko lapansi nthawi ina m'mbuyomu zomwe zidasandutsa mimbulu kukhala agalu amakono?

Nkhani yokhazikika ya momwe tidakumana. . .

Momwe mimbulu ndi anthu adalumikizana koyamba ndi nkhani yomwe mwachiwonekere imayamba zaka masauzande zapitazo kumbuyoku Ice Age yomaliza. Sayansi pokhala sayansi, pamakhala kusatsimikizika komanso kutsutsana kwakukulu zakuti kutalikirana kwa mitundu iyi kwamitundu kunayamba bwanji. Sizikudziwikanso kuti mgwirizanowu udachitikira kuti. Mofananamo pali kusatsimikizika kwakuti bwanji.

Nkhani yodziwika bwino yokhudza kugulitsa agalu m'mbuyomu idasangalatsidwa kale ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wazanyama, katswiri wazamakhalidwe, ndi Nobel Laureate Konrad Lorenz - komanso ndi ena ambiri m'njira zosiyanasiyana - akuti kamodzi, mimbulu (kapena momwe Lorenz adanenera, ankhandwe) adayamba Kuyenda mozungulira moto wa osaka a Pleistocene ndi abale awo kuti atenge nyenyeswa za chakudya mwadala zomwe adasiyidwa, kapena mwina angotayidwa ngati zinyalala.

Mulimonsemo, ndiye kuti nkhaniyi ikupita, posakhalitsa omwe ali mbali ya anthu a equation adazindikira kuti ziphuphu zamphamvu izi, zomwe ndizabwino kwambiri, zitha kukhala zopitilira muyeso. Amatha kudzipangitsa kukhala othandiza ngati alonda, anzawo osaka, ndi zina zotero. Mwinanso china chilichonse chotentha kuti chikumbatire usiku wozizira wachisanu.

Nkhani yabwinoko?

Zowona sitingadziwe momwe, kapena chifukwa chake, mimbulu ndi anthu adagwirizana zaka zikwi zapitazo. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zifukwa zomveka zoganizira kukonzanso nkhani yokhazikika pakusintha kwa nkhandwe kukhala galu ndikofunikira. Mwina kuthekera kuti nzeru wamba zakhala zikukokomeza momwe takhala tikuthandizira pakupanga agalu, komanso machitidwe awo. Monga a Martina Lazzaroni ku Domestication Lab ku Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology ku Vienna, Austria, ndi anzawo adalemba posachedwapa kuti: "Zomwe tapeza zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro loti kuweta nyumba kwakhudza zomwe agalu amachita chifukwa chofuna kukhala pafupi ndi mnzako ... Komabe, sizikudziwika bwinobwino chomwe chingalimbikitse kuyanjana ndi munthu. "

Koma dikirani! Kodi zoweta kwenikweni ndi chiyani?

Mwa maphunziro ndi ntchito, ndine katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, osati katswiri wa zinyama kapena katswiri wa zamakhalidwe. Ndingakhale ndikulakwitsa, koma sindikuganiza kuti tikudziwa kwenikweni zomwe zidabweretsa mimbulu ndi anthu kuchita mgwirizano wopitilira chidziwitso chodziwikiratu kuti onse ndi nyama zothandizana kwambiri. Mukakhala kuti mukugwirizana ndikugwira ntchito ndi ena amtundu wanu, kodi ndizovuta kuti mukhulupirire kuti mutha kufotokozanso, pakugawa kulekanitsa mtundu umodzi ndi wina?

Zomwe ndinganene, komabe, ndikuti monga katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndidaganiza ndikulemba - ndikhulupilira ndikuzindikira - za zomwe zimatchedwa "zoweta." ¹

Monga momwe wofukula mabwinja John Hart ndi ine komanso anzathu angapo takhala tikukangana kwazaka zambiri, zikusokeretsa, ngakhale kulakwitsa, kutanthauzira zoweta ngati nkhani yonena za kusintha kwa majini komwe kumabwera ndi njira za anthu. ² Monga John ndi ine tidalemba mu 2008:

. . . kuyang'ana kuyambika kwanyumba (ndipo titha kuwonjezera, zaulimi) ndi kafukufuku yemwe awonongedwa kuyambira pachiyambi. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa (a) zamoyo siziyenera kusinthidwa moyenera, morphologically kapena majini, zisanachitike zoweta; (b) kusintha kwa ma morphological ndi majini komwe nthawi zina kumatha kutengedwa ngati "zizindikiritso zakunyumba" kumatenga nthawi kuti ikule, ndipo chifukwa chake zimawonekera, ngati ati awonekere konse, pambuyo poti banja la anthu lakhalira; ndipo (c) pomaliza kunena kuti ndi zomera ndi nyama zokha zomwe zikuwonetsa zisonyezo zakugwiritsa ntchito ndi kulima zomwe zitha kutchedwa kuti "zoweta" zoyerekeza kukula ndi mphamvu zakunyumba kwa anthu padziko lapansi momwe tikukhalamo.³

Komano kodi zoweta ndi chiyani?

Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, popeza anthufe timakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri, osati yochepa chabe, ya zomera ndi zinyama, kuweta sikutanthauza chabe kuletsa nyama kapena kulima chomera:

1. Momwe timasinthira mitundu ina yamitundu imasiyanasiyana, ndipo yakhala ikusiyanasiyana, kutengera mitundu yomwe ikufunsidwayo komanso momwe tikufunira kuti tidye.
2. Chifukwa chake, zoweta zimatha kuwerengedwa mosasinthasintha ndi iyo ntchito - pogwiritsa ntchito maluso owonera momwe zimachitikira - kuposa zotsatira zake (nthawi zina zokha).
3. Chifukwa chake mtundu uliwonse ungatchedwe "woweta" ukakhala mtundu wina amadziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito, komanso kupitilira apo, zoweta ndi zenizeni zamoyo osati luso lapadera laumunthu kapena luso.

Kodi uthenga wonyamula ndi uti pano? Palibe agalu kapena anthu omwe amabadwira mdziko lino akudziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito anzawo. Ngati mukugwirizana nane kuti kubweza mawu ndi mawu oti "kudziwa momwe mungachitire," popanda kukokomeza kulikonse, mosasamala bwanji Canis lupus ndipo Homo sapiens anasintha mpaka pomwe amatha kutero, ana ndi agalu amafunika kuphunzira mwa momwe angachitire izi - momwe angagwirire ntchito zawo ndi dziko lapansi komanso mitundu yosawerengeka ya mitundu yowazungulira.