Neuroimaging, Cannabis, ndi Magwiridwe a Ubongo & Ntchito

"Ndikuganiza kuti mphika uyenera kukhala wololedwa. Sindikusuta, koma ndimakonda kununkhira kwake." --Andy Warhol

Cannabis imakhala ndimamolekyu osiyanasiyana omwe amamangiriza kuzomvera muubongo, zotchedwa "cannabinoid receptors." Ma ligands odziwika bwino (omwe amalumikizana ndi ma receptors) amaphatikizapo THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) ndi CBD (cannabidiol), yolumikizana ndi zolandilira monga ma CB1 ndi ma CB2 zolandilira okhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zam'munsi muubongo.

Nthenda yotchedwa neurotransmitter yoyamba yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zachilengedwe (zamkati) za cannabinoid ndi "anandamide," wapadera "fatty acid neurotransmitter" yemwe dzina lake limatanthauza "chisangalalo," "chisangalalo," kapena "kusangalala" mu Sanskrit komanso malilime ena ofanana. Dongosolo la ma neurotransmitter lafufuzidwa posachedwapa mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo biology yoyambirira imagwiridwa bwino (mwachitsanzo, Kovacovic & Somanathan, 2014), kuwongolera kumvetsetsa kwamankhwala, zosangalatsa, komanso zovuta zama cannabinoids osiyanasiyana, ndikuwongolera njira pakupanga mankhwala opangidwa mwatsopano.

Chidwi chowonjezeka pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zosangalatsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu amvetsetse zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa muubongo ndi machitidwe. Chifukwa cha chamba chomwe chimakhala chovuta komanso chandale pazokambirana zamagulu, zikhulupiriro zamphamvu zokhudzana ndi chamba zimalepheretsa anthu kuti azitha kukambirana pazabwino zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo zalepheretsa kafukufuku. Komabe, mayiko ambiri alola kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zosangalatsa zakukonzekera mankhwala osokoneza bongo, pomwe boma likuyambiranso kutsatira malamulo okhwima.

Lamuloli latuluka

Othandizira a khansa, kumbali inayo, atha kujambula chithunzi chabwino kwambiri cha zabwino zakukonzekera kwa khansa, kunyalanyaza kapena kutaya zidziwitso zofunikira za kuopsa kwa nthendayi mwa anthu ena omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha matenda ena amisala, kuopsa kwa zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi Zotsatira zoyipa za nthendayi pamachitidwe ena ozindikira omwe amatsagana ndi zotsatira zoyipa, komanso zowopsa, pakupanga zisankho ndi machitidwe.

Mwachitsanzo, pomwe kukonzekera kwa khansa kwawonetsedwa kukhala kothandiza pakuthana ndi kupweteka komanso kusintha magwiridwe antchito m'malo osiyanasiyana, kukonza moyo wabwino, cannabis imatha kupanganso zolakwika ndikuwongolera kusinthidwa kwazidziwitso, zomwe zimatha kubweretsa osati pamavuto amunthu payekha, koma atha kusokoneza maubale ndi zochitika zamaluso, ngakhale zomwe zingayambitse ena mwakuwonjezera ngozi.

Cannabis imagwirizanitsidwa momveka bwino ndikuchepetsa kuyambitsa komanso kukulitsa matenda ena, makamaka matenda amisala. Kuphatikiza apo, pali chidwi chochulukirapo pakumvetsetsa kuthekera kwachiritso ndi kudwala kwamankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe ali mkati mwakukonzekera kwa cannabis, makamaka THC ndi CBD-ngakhale kufunikira kwa zinthu zina kumadziwika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku waposachedwa mu American Journal of Psychiatry akuwonetsa kuti CBD, yothandiza pochiza khunyu zosatheka (mwachitsanzo, Rosenberg et al., 2015), itha kukhala yothandiza kwambiri ngati othandizira ena omwe ali ndi schizophrenia (McGuire at al ., 2017).

Chithunzicho sichiri-kapena, komabe. Kumvetsetsa mozama momwe cannabis imakhudzira zigawo zosiyanasiyana zamaubongo (m'malo osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito koopsa, kugwiritsa ntchito matenda amisala mosiyanasiyana komanso vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi kusiyanasiyana, ndi zina zambiri) ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa mkangano pazidziwitso, ndikupereka zomwe asayansi adapeza, zodalirika kuti apange njira zofufuzira zamtsogolo. Kumvetsetsa kwamaziko sikukusowa, ndipo ngakhale pali kafukufuku wochulukirapo yemwe akuyang'ana mbali zosiyanasiyana za zotsatira za khansa, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi kafukufuku wofufuza koyambirira, njirayi yasiyanasiyana m'maphunziro ang'onoang'ono ambiri, popanda maziko omveka bwino. kulimbikitsa njira zofananira zofufuzira.

Funso limodzi lofunikira ndikuti: Zotsatira zakusuta kwamafuta pazinthu zofunikira muubongo ndi ziti? Kodi magwiridwe antchito ndi kulumikizana kumasintha bwanji mkati mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za anatomic ("ma hubs," pamalingaliro amanetiweki) zimafalikira kulumikizano yaubongo yomwe ili pakati? Kodi chamba chimagwiritsa ntchito bwanji, momwe timamvetsetsa zotsatira zake, timasewera muntchito zina zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito pophunzira kuzindikira? Zomwe, makamaka, zimakhala ndi vuto la cannabis pamaukonde aubongo, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe osasintha, oyang'anira, ndi maukonde amisili (ma network atatu ofunikira mu "kalabu yolemera" yolumikizidwa kwambiri yamaukonde aubongo)?

Mafunso awa ndi enanso ndi ofunikira kwambiri tikamvetsetsa bwino momwe kusiyana kwamaganizidwe / ubongo kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi kupita patsogolo pakupanga mawonekedwe olumikizana ndi munthu. Chiyembekezero ndikuti kumawonjezera kapena kuchepa kwa zochitika m'malo osiyanasiyana aubongo mwa ogwiritsa (poyerekeza ndi osagwiritsa ntchito) zidzagwirizana ndikusintha kwakukulu pamaukonde ogwirira ntchito aubongo, omwe amawonetsedwa pakusintha kosiyanasiyana pagulu lalikulu lazida zofufuzira zamaganizidwe zomwe zimakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana zamaganizidwe ndi machitidwe amunthu.

Kafukufuku wapano

Poganizira mozama izi, gulu la ofufuza ambiri (Yanes et al., 2018) adanyamuka kuti atole ndikufufuza zolemba zonse zofunikira zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha khansa muubongo komanso pamachitidwe ndi psychology.

Ndikofunika kuwunikiranso njira ya meta-analytic yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachidule ndikukambirana kuti ndi mitundu iti yamaphunziro yomwe idaphatikizidwa ndikusiyidwa, kuti muthe kufotokoza ndikutanthauzira zomwe zapezedwa. Amayang'ana zolemba kuphatikiza maphunziro ogwiritsa ntchito fMRI (imaginization resonance imaging) ndi PET scans (positron emission tomography), zida zofala poyesa zisonyezo zamaubongo, ndikuwunika koyambirira kawiri kuti apange deta.

Choyamba, adagawika maphunziro kukhala omwe zochitika m'magulu osiyanasiyana aubongo zidakwezedwa kapena kuchepa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito motsutsana ndi osagwiritsa ntchito ndikuyerekeza madera a anatomic ndi magwiridwe antchito aubongo omwe ndi mbali zawo. Mu gawo lachiwiri lakukonzanso, adagwiritsa ntchito "magwiridwe antchito" kuti azindikire ndikugawa magulu osiyanasiyana azamisala omwe amayesedwa m'mabuku omwe analipo kale.

Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku amayang'ana pamitundu yayikulu koma yosiyanasiyana yamaganizidwe kuti awone momwe, ngati zingakhalire, cannabis imasintha kusintha kwazindikiritso komanso malingaliro. Ntchito zofunikira zimaphatikizapo kupanga zisankho, kuzindikira zolakwika, kuwongolera mikangano, zimakhudza kuwongolera, mphotho ndi ntchito zolimbikitsira, kuwongolera, magwiridwe antchito, ndi kukumbukira, kupereka mndandanda wosakwanira. Chifukwa kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana adagwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kukhazikitsa njira yolumikizira ndikofunikira kuti tiwunikenso ndikuwunika kwathunthu.

Pofufuza masitepe angapo, amasankha maphunziro ndi kuyerekezera ogwiritsa ntchito ndi osagwiritsa ntchito, omwe ali ndi mitundu yofananira yoyeserera, yomwe idaphatikizapo mayesero am'malingaliro amalingaliro, mayendedwe, malingaliro, kulingalira, komanso kukonza zidziwitso za anthu, m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Sanasankhe omwe ali ndi matenda amisala, komanso maphunziro omwe amayang'ana zotsatira zakumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Adasanthula izi zomwe zidapangidwa.

Poyang'ana kusunthika kwa zomwe zapezedwa m'maphunziro onse pogwiritsa ntchito ALE (Activation Likelihood Estimate, yomwe imasinthira zidziwitso pamachitidwe oyeserera aubongo), adazindikira zigawo zomwe sizikugwira ntchito kwambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito MACM (Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modeling, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe ya BrainMap kuti iwonetse magwiridwe antchito aubongo wonse), adazindikira magulu am'magawo amubongo omwe adalumikizana.

Adamaliza gawo loyeserera poyang'ana kutsogolo ndikusinthira njira yolumikizira mobwerezabwereza yolumikizana ndi magwiridwe antchito, ndikugwira ntchito kwamaganizidwe ndi zochitika muubongo, kuti amvetsetse momwe njira zamaganizidwe osiyanasiyana zimalumikizirana ndi magwiridwe antchito am'magawo osiyanasiyana aubongo.

Nayi chidule cha "bomba" la meta-analytic:

Zotsatira

Yanes, Riedel, Ray, Kirkland, Mbalame, Boeving, Reid, Gonazlez, Robinson, Laird, ndi Sutherland (2018) adasanthula maphunziro onse a 35. Zonse zanenedwa, panali zochitika za 88, pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu 202 zokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa kuyambitsa pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito cannabis a 472 ndi osagwiritsa ntchito 466, ndi zinthu za 161 zokhudzana ndikuwonjezera kuchitapo kanthu pakati pa ogwiritsa 482 ndi 434 osagwiritsa ntchito. Panali mbali zitatu zazikuluzikulu:

Panali magawo angapo osintha mosasintha ("convergent") omwe adazindikirika pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito komanso osagwiritsa ntchito, potsegula ndi kutsegulira. Kuchepetsa kunawonedwa m'magulu awiri (mbali zonse ziwiri za ubongo) ACCs (anterior cingate cortex) ndi DLPFC yolondola (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Mosiyana ndi izi, kuwonjezeka kwowonjezeka kumawonekeranso mu striatum yolondola (ndikufikira malo oyenera). Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zomwe zapezazi zinali zosiyana wina ndi mnzake, ndipo kusowa kwa mayanjanowa kumatanthauza kuti zikuyimira zotsatira zosiyana siyana za khansa pamachitidwe osiyanasiyana.

Kusanthula kwa MACM kunawonetsa kuti panali masango atatu amalo ophatikizika aubongo:

• Cluster 1 - ACC idaphatikizira magwiridwe antchito a ubongo wathunthu, kuphatikiza kulumikizana ndi insular ndi caudate cortex, medial frontal cortex, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, culmen, thalamus, ndi cingate cortex. ACC ndichofunikira popanga zisankho ndikukonzekera mikangano ndipo imakhudzidwa ndikuwunika ndikuchita zomwe zapatsidwa (mwachitsanzo, Kolling et al., 2016), ndipo madera okhudzana ndi ntchitoyi amachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi ACC. Insulayi imakhudzidwa ndikudziyesa wekha, chitsanzo chodziwikiratu chokhala chonyansa.
• Cluster 2 - DLPFC idaphatikizira kuyanjana ndi zigawo za parietal, orbitofrontal cortex, occipital cortex, ndi fusiform gyrus. Popeza DLPFC imagwira ntchito yayikulu, kuphatikiza kuwongolera momwe akumvera, momwe akumvera, ndi kuwongolera zinthu zowunikira (mwachitsanzo, Mondino ku al., 2015) komanso mbali zina zakukonzanso zilankhulo, ndi madera ena ofananawo amakwaniritsa ntchito zazikulu, kuphatikizapo kukonza zachitukuko, kuwongolera chidwi, ndi zina.
• Cluster 3 - Striatum idaphatikizira kutenga nawo mbali muubongo wonse, makamaka kotsekemera, kotsogola, kotala kwa parietal lobule, fusiform gyrus, ndi culmen. Striatum imakhudzidwa ndi mphotho - yomwe imadziwika kuti "dopamine hit" yomwe imafotokozedwa nthawi zambiri - yomwe ikayendetsedwa bwino imalola kuti tichite bwino, koma m'maiko osachita bwino kumabweretsa mavuto, ndipo mopitilira muyeso kumathandizira kukhala osokoneza bongo komanso okakamiza . Umboni womwe unalembedwa papepala loyambirira ukuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumatha kukhala ndi mwayi wopititsa patsogolo zizolowezi zawo, komanso mwina zoyeserera zazinthu wamba.

Pomwe masango awa ndi osiyana ndi momwe amakhudzidwira ndi chamba, amapitilira mwanjira ndi malo, kuwunikira kufunikira kofunikira kwa zomwe zimawonedwa muubongo kuchokera ku cholumikizira, cholumikizira kuti mumvetse kumasulira kwa zomwe zapangitsa kuti ubongo ubwerere momwe ungathere malingaliro amagwira ntchito, ndi momwe izi zimathandizira anthu m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Kusintha kwa magulupu atatuwa kunawonetsa momwe gulu lililonse limalumikizirana ndi gulu la mayeso amisala: mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kwa Stroop, go / no-go komwe kumakhudza zisankho mwachangu, ntchito zowunika zopweteka, ndi ntchito zowunika mphotho, kuti tchulani ochepa. Sindiwunikiranso zonse, koma zomwe zapezazi ndizofunikira, ndipo zina mwazo zikuwonekera (onani pansipa).

Kuwona mwachidule maubwenzi ogwirira ntchito ndi othandiza. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa ntchito yopita / yopanda ntchito m'malo onse atatu ogwira ntchito:

Zowonjezeranso

Kuphatikizidwa, zotsatira za kusanthula kwa meta ndi zazikulu ndipo zimakwaniritsa zolinga zoyang'ana ndikuwonetsa zomwe zapezedwa m'mabuku ofunikira omwe amafufuza momwe kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumathandizira anthu opanda matenda amisala, kuyang'ana zochulukirapo komanso zocheperako madera aubongo, amagawidwa masango ogwirizana mosiyanasiyana, komanso momwe zimakhudzira ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito amisala.

Cannabis imachepetsa zochitika m'magulu onse a ACC ndi DLPFC, komanso kwa anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo wabwinobwino, izi zitha kubweretsa zovuta pamaudindo akuluakulu ndikupanga zisankho. Cannabis itha kubweretsa kusalongosoka pakuwunika zolakwika, zomwe zimabweretsa malingaliro olakwika ndi magwiridwe antchito chifukwa cha zolakwitsa, ndipo zitha kulepheretsa kugwira ntchito munthawi yamavuto akulu, kuchokera pazolakwika zonse pakuweruza komanso pakupanga zisankho ndikusintha pambuyo pake. Kuchepetsa zochitika za DLPFC kumatha kubweretsa zovuta pamaganizidwe, komanso kutsika kwa kukumbukira ndikuchepetsa chidwi.

Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amisala komanso zamankhwala, zomwe zimachitika muubongo zitha kukhala zothandizira, mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa kupwetekedwa mtima pochepetsa zochitika za ACC, kuchepetsa zikumbutso zopweteketsa mtima komanso kupondereza zoopsa zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pake, kuthana ndi zovuta zina zoyipa, kapena kuchepetsa zizindikiro za psychotic (McGuire, 2017) poletsa zochitika m'malo okhudza ubongo.

Koma ma cannabinoids amathanso kuyambitsa kudwala, kuchepetsa kukhumudwa kapena psychosis, ndi zina, mwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumayambitsanso mavuto omwe akukula muubongo, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto osakhalitsa (mwachitsanzo, Jacobus ndi Tappert, 2014), monga kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito am'mutu komanso kusintha kwamachitidwe muubongo.

Cannabis idawonetsedwa, mosiyana, kuti iwonjezere zochitika mu striatum ndi madera ena ofanana nthawi zambiri. Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zoyambira zoyambira, izi zitha kubweretsa kuyambitsidwa kwa madera olandila mphotho, ndipo monga zawonedwera m'maphunziro ambiri, zitha kuwonjezera chiopsezo chamakhalidwe olowerera komanso okakamiza, zomwe zingayambitse matenda ena. Kukulitsa kwa ntchito yamalipiro (kuphatikiza zotsatira m'magulu awiri oyamba) kumatha kuwonjezera "kuledzera" kwa chamba, kukulitsa chisangalalo ndi zochitika zaluso, ndikupangitsa chilichonse kukhala cholimba komanso chochita, kwakanthawi.

Olembawo akuti masango onse atatuwa anali okhudzana ndi ntchito yopita / yopanda, mayeso omwe amafunikira choletsa kapena kuyendetsa galimoto. Amati:

"Apa, kuti kusokonekera kwa madera ena komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi mtundu womwewo wa ntchito kumatha kukhala chisonyezo chazomwe zimakhudzana ndi khansa zomwe zimawonetsedwa pamaphunziro onse. Mwanjira ina, kuchepa kwa mphamvu zoletsa mayendedwe azovuta kumatha kulumikizidwa ndikuchepetsa komweko kwa zochita zam'mbuyomu (ACC ndi DL-PFC) ndikukweza zochitika zowopsa. "

Kwa odwala ena, nthendayi imachepetsa zipsinjo zakukhumudwa, zomwe zimadziwika ndi zokumana nazo zosowa, kusasangalala kwambiri, komanso kusowa chidwi, mwa zina, koma ogwiritsa ntchito olemera ali pachiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha kukhumudwa (Manrique-Garcia et al ., 2012).

Komabe, kuwonjezera pakukonda kuyambitsa mankhwala ena osokoneza bongo komanso kukulitsa zokumana nazo kwa iwo omwe amasangalala kuledzera ndi chamba (ena amapeza kuti imabweretsa dysphoria, nkhawa, chisokonezo chosasangalatsa, kapena ngakhale paranoia), ogwiritsa ntchito atha kuwona kuti pakalibe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo , samachita chidwi ndi zochitika zanthawi zonse ngati sizikwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwachisangalalo ndi chidwi.

Zotsatirazi ndizosiyana kutengera zinthu zingapo zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa, monga nthawi ndi magwiritsidwe ntchito, komanso mtundu wa cannabis ndi chemistry wapakati, wopatsidwa kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu ndi mitundu. Ngakhale kafukufukuyu sanathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa zotsatira za THC ndi CBD, popeza zambiri sizinapezeke pamalingaliro kapena magawanidwe azinthu zikuluzikulu mu cannabis, zikuwoneka kuti zimakhala ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana pakamagwira ntchito yaubongo zomwe zimafunikira kafukufuku wina kuti athetse mphamvu zochiritsira kuchokera kuzisangalalo ndi zovuta zamatenda.

Kafukufukuyu ndi maziko, ndikukhazikitsa njira yopitilira kafukufuku wazovuta zosiyanasiyana zama cannabinoids muubongo wathanzi ndi matenda, ndikupereka chidziwitso chofunikira kuti mumvetsetse zochiritsira komanso zowononga zosiyanasiyana cannabinoids. Njira zokongola komanso zopweteketsa mu kafukufukuyu zimawunikira momwe cannabis imakhudzira ubongo, ndikupereka chidziwitso chambiri pazokhudza zonse zamaubongo am'magwiridwe antchito komanso kuzindikira ndi magwiridwe antchito.

Mafunso achidwi akuphatikizira mapu owonjezera a maubongo aubongo ndikuwunikira zomwe apezazi ndi mitundu yamaganizidwe omwe alipo, kuyang'ana zotsatira za mitundu ingapo ya khansa ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, ndikufufuza zotsatira za ma cannabinoids (omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe, amkati, komanso opanga ) pazithandizo zothandizira munthawi zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito zosangalatsa, komanso kuthekera kopititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito.

Pomaliza, popereka njira yofananira kuti amvetsetse zolemba zomwe zilipo kuphatikiza zoyipa komanso zoyipa za nthenda yabongo muubongo, pepalali limafufuza za cannabis mozama kwambiri pakufufuza kwasayansi, ndikupereka nsanja yopanda mbali, yosalidwa kuti ilole mkangano pa chamba chimasanduka njira zowoneka bwino kuposa momwe zidalili kale.

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