Wowombera M'madzi
Zamkati
- Mfundo zazikuluzikulu
- Kulavulira kutenga
- Thandizo laling'ono kuchokera kumapiko anga
- Bevy ya kusintha kwamakhalidwe
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu
- Archerfish imalavulira ma jets amadzi kuti atulutse tizilombo ndi nyama zina zazing'ono kuchokera munthambi zam'madzi.
- Maulendo othamanga kwambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi kuwombera, makamaka kupindika mwachangu zipsepse zam'mimba.
- Kusunthika kumeneku kwakanthawi kofunikira kumafunika kuti wothamangayo asakhazikike pomwe amatulutsa ndege yamadzi.
- Archerfish ili ndi zizolowezi zingapo zomwe zimawathandiza kusaka nyama yomwe ili pamtunda.
Stefan Schuster, pulofesa wa maphunziro azanyama ku Yunivesite ya Bayreuth ku Germany, adakhala zaka makumi awiri zapitazi akuyenda modabwitsa kwambiri. Nsomba zazing'onozi, zomwe zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Southeast Asia ndi Australia, zimadziwika bwino chifukwa cha khalidwe limodzi lapadera: njira yawo yapadera yosaka nyama.
Archerfish imalavulira ma jets amadzi kuti atulutse tizilombo ndi nyama zina zazing'ono zomwe zikugona panthambi kapena masamba pamwamba pamadzi. Nsombazo ndizowombera molondola, zimatha kutsitsa nyama mpaka 3 m (10 ft) pamwamba pamadzi. (Onani kanema wonena zamakhalidwe apa.)
Ndipo malinga ndi a Schuster ndi ena omwe amagwira nawo ntchito, archerfish imatha kuwombera pafupifupi chilichonse.
"Mutha kuwaphunzitsa kuwombera zinthu zopangira zomwe sizigwera m'madzi ndikuwapatsa china chake," akutero. “Izi zimapangitsa kuyesera kambiri pamachitidwe owombera. Ndipo aliyense mu labu amaganiza kuti ndizosangalatsa kuti nawonso athandizira kuyesaku! ”
Kulavulira kutenga
Pakafukufuku, zaka zingapo zapitazo, Schuster ndi mnzake Peggy Gerullis adaphunzitsa nsomba zam'madzi kuwotcha ma jets awo amadzi pamalo okhazikika m'mathanki awo. Anazindikira kuti nsombazi zimatsegula ndikutseka pakamwa pawo mochenjera kuti zisinthe mawonekedwe ake komanso kuthamanga kwake, kutengera kutalika kwa chandamale.
Pakuwunika makanema othamanga kwambiri a nsomba ziwiri zophunzitsidwa, ofufuzawo adawona china chachilendo. Nsombazo zinali zitaima pomwe amatulutsa ma jets. Koma asanawombere, anayamba kusuntha zipsepse zawo zam'mimba kutsogolo. Kusunthaku kumawoneka kuti kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwombera.
Chifukwa chake a Schuster ndi a Gerullis adawunikiranso makanema awo, nthawi ino ndi maso awo pazipsepsezo. Adafikiranso kwa wofufuza anzawo a archerfish a Caroline Reinel, omwe amayang'ana mayendedwe omaliza amakanema kuchokera pazoyesera za kuwedza kosaphunzitsidwa kwamfuti. Anapeza kuti mayendedwe ake omaliza anali olumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi kuwombera konse kwa nsomba.
Schuster anati: "Tonse tidachita chidwi kuti nsomba iliyonse imachita izi mwachangu, ndikupita patsogolo. "Tikuganiza kuti ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbuyomu."
Thandizo laling'ono kuchokera kumapiko anga
Mu pepala lofalitsidwa mu Zolemba pa Biology Yoyesera , Schuster, Gerullis, ndi Reinel akufotokoza izi zoyenda mwachangu kwambiri ndikuwonetsa kuti zimayenderana ndi kuwombera.
Ofufuzawo adapeza kuti, nsomba iliyonse isanayime, zipsepse zake zam'mbali zimayambira kutsogolo. Kuyamba ndi kutalika kwa mayendedwe opita patsogolo akuwoneka kuti akutengera kutalika kwa chandamale.
Schuster ndi anzawo akuti mayendedwe omaliza mwina atenga mbali muukapolo wa msodzi woponya ma jets amadzi ataliatali. Nthawi yomwe mayendedwe ake amatha kuthamangitsidwa motsutsana ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeka kubwezeredwa kuchokera ku ndegeyi akuwonetsa kuti akufunikira kuti nsomba zowombazo zizikhazikika.
"Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi chafishfish kukhala chosangalatsa," akutero Schuster. “Mwina ndi chifukwa cha luso lawo lomwe limachititsa kuti nsombazi zikhale zapadera kwambiri.”
Bevy ya kusintha kwamakhalidwe
Mwachilengedwe, nsombazi zimazunguliridwa ndi ambiri opikisana nawo. Ngati nsomba imodzi ikupambana potulutsa nyama zakutchire, ndipo ikagwera pamadzi, wowombayo ayenera kupanga zisankho mwachangu komanso molondola kuti akafike pamaso pa nsomba ina iliyonse.
Schuster anati: "Ngati nsomba zonse zomwe zimaponyera nsomba sizingachite chilichonse, nyama yolowayo ikanatayika." Nsomba zina, zomwe zimatha kudziwa bwino mafunde am'madzi, zimatha kumenya woponyayo mpaka pomwe wagwerapo.
Malinga ndi a Schuster, kuwombera kulikonse kwamtundu wa archerfish kumafunikira kuwerengera kovuta: Sikuti nsombazi zimangoyang'ana ma jets awo amadzi polipirira kukoka ndi mtunda, komanso amayenera kudziwa komwe nyama yawo idzafike ndikufika kaye koyamba.
Schuster akufufuza zisankho zothamanga kwambiri mu archerfish ndipo apeza kuti, potengera kuwonera kayendedwe koyamba ka nyama yomwe ikugwa, nsombayo imayimilira mwachangu yomwe imawatembenuzira komwe nyama ikagwere ndikuwapatsa liwiro lofika nthawi yomweyo ndi wolanda.
"Izi zikutanthauza kuti chinthu chikangoyamba kugwa, nsomba zili kale paulendo ndipo zili pamalo oyenera nsomba zinazo zisanazindikire kuti china chake chachitika," akutero a Schuster. "Ndipo amapanga chisankho posachedwa, ma 40 ms akwanira."
Ngakhale pazomwe apezazi posachedwa, Schuster akuti kudziwa kwathu za archerfish ndikuchepa.
"M'zaka 20 zapitazi, nsomba zam'madzi zotchedwa archerfish nthawi zonse zimakhala zodabwitsa," akutero.
“Pali mitundu ina ya nyama yomwe imayenera kuchita zinthu zodabwitsa kuti ipulumuke. Mukayang'ana pafupi ndikuyandikira, nthawi zonse mudzapeza zambiri. ”
Tikukulangizani Kuti Muwone
Ubwino Wathanzi Labwino Wakuyenda
