Zoyeserera za Boma la U.S.

Project MKULTRA inali pulogalamu ya Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) yolamulira malingaliro yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira za LSD ndi hypnosis kuti ziwononge anthu. Theodore Kaczynski, yemwenso amadziwika kuti Unabomber, adatenga nawo gawo pazoyeserera za Henry Murray ku Harvard komwe gulu la Murray lidazunza, kuzunza, komanso kuwononga malingaliro. A Henry Murray adagwirapo kale ntchito ya CIA ndipo atha kukhala kuti amathandizidwa ndi pulogalamu yachinsinsi ya MKULTRA.

Mbiri ya Ethic Breeches

Sayansi yakhala ikuphwanya malamulo, nthawi zambiri ndi anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chodyetsedwa (Davis, 2006). Kuyambira 1932-1972, kafukufuku wa Tuskegee Syphilis adalemba amuna akuda kuti akaphunzire za syphilis (Amdur, 2011). Ana omwe ali muzipatala zamisala ali ndi matenda a chiwindi (maphunziro a Willowbrook Hepatitis a zaka za m'ma 1950), opezeka ndi zida zamagetsi (Davis, 2006), ndipo odwala omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi chodwala abayidwa ndi maselo a khansa yamoyo (Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study of the 1960s) , Amdur, 2011). Kuyankha pazinthu zamtunduwu zidatsogolera ku Institutional Review Board System, kutengera mfundo za 1974 Belmont Report (Amdur & Bankert, 2011; Bankert & Amdur, 2006).

Kafukufuku Wachinsinsi wa Boma la U.S.

CIA idayankha lipoti la mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokafunsa mafunso komanso kusambitsa bongo ku Soviet Union ndi People's Republic of China m'ma 1940 ndi 1950s. Poyankha chiwopsezo chachitetezo cha dziko lino, adapanga mapulogalamu angapo kuphatikiza MKULTRA (Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977). Kuyambira 1953-1964, boma la US lidachita kafukufuku wosintha momwe anthu adayesera, mwa zina, kugwiritsa ntchito hypnosis ndi LSD pazinsinsi. (CBS Network, 1984; CIA, 1977; Sankhani Komiti Yanzeru ndi Komiti Yantchito, 1977).

Matenda ndichinthu chokhudzidwa kwambiri, chokhudzana ndi kuzindikira chomwe chimakhala ndi gawo loyambira komanso gawo lalingaliro (Kassin, 2004). Pakudula, chidwi cha munthu chimakhala chambiri. Pakadutsa malingaliro, munthu amakhala wotseguka pamaganizidwe opangidwa ndi wotsatsa. Hypnosis nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza phobias, kupsinjika, ndi kupweteka (Zimbardo, Johnson, & Weber, 2006). Umboni ukuwonetsa kuti omwe amatsirikidwa satsatira malingaliro awo motsutsana ndi zofuna zawo (Wade & Tavris, 2000).

Anthu amasiyana mosiyana ndi kutengeka ndi hypnosis (Kirsch & Braffman, 2001). A Solomon Asch adalemba mbiri yamatsenga ndi kukambirana momwe chidwi cha hypnosis chidathandizira chofufuzira champhamvu cha psychology pazachidziwikire (Asch, 1952). PROJECT ARTICHOKE wa CIA adagwiritsa ntchito penthusion ndi hypnosis kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali pofunafuna njira zowafunsa mafunso (Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, 1976).

Dongosolo la CIA la MKULTRA linali ndi ntchito 162 zachinsinsi zothandizidwa ndi CIA m'malo 80 ndi ofufuza 185 (Eschner, 2017). Zambiri mwa pulogalamuyi zidawonongedwa molamulidwa ndi Director of CIA Richard Helms mu 1973, koma zina zomwe zidasowa pakuwonongeka zidapezeka mu 1977 (Select Committee of Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977). Katswiri wama CIA a Sidney Gottleib adayendetsa pulogalamu ya MKULTRA (Gross, 2019). Pulogalamuyo idachitika makamaka kuti ikhale ndi njira yolipirira kafukufuku wamakhalidwe okhudzana ndi kusokoneza bongo osakopa chidwi cha anthu kapena mafunso oyipa kuchokera kwa asayansi ambiri. Kafukufukuyu adawunikiranso kusamba kwaubongo ndi kufunsa mafunso ndikuphatikizanso kugwiritsa ntchito magawo atamaliza maphunziro a labotale.

Kodi ena mwa maphunzirowa anali otani? Mutu umodzi ndikuti ambiri analibe chilolezo chodziwitsidwa komanso kuwunika koyenera. Ewen Cameron adayesetsa kuchotsa zokumbukira ndi njira zamagetsi zamagetsi zobwereza-bwereza, kukakamiza kugona kwa miyezi yambiri, ndikupereka LSD mobwerezabwereza kwa odwala ake ku Montreal (Kassam, 2018). Mankhwala omwe amadziwika kuti LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) , ndi serotonin agonist yomwe imapanga malingaliro olakwika (Carlson, 2010). Ambiri mwa odwalawa adabwera kuchipatala kuti akalandire kupsinjika pang'ono ndipo m'malo mwake adazunzidwa koopsa kwa miyezi yambiri.

Monga gawo la pulogalamu ya MKULTRA, Mtumiki wa CIA adalemba ntchito mahule kuti azitsitsira LSD mu zakumwa za anthu ndipo adazindikira zomwe zidachitika kudzera pagalasi la mbali ziwiri (Zetter, 2010). Mu 1953, Dr. Frank Olson adapatsidwa LSD ndi othandizira a CIA osadziwa ndipo adamwalira chifukwa (Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977). A CIA Agents anali kupereka LSD kwa nzika zina zomwe amakumana nazo kumabala ndi kwina kulikonse. Othandizirawo adayitanitsa nzika ku "malo otetezera" ku San Francisco ndi New York City komwe amapatsidwa mankhwalawo popanda chilolezo.

Akaidi, odwala khansa yodwala kwambiri, komanso asitikali aku America adagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamaphunziro ena, ndipo kafukufuku wina wofunsidwa adayesetsa kutulutsa zovuta zamaubongo ndi mafunde amawu. Kafukufuku wambiri adalinga pakupanga "seramu yowona" yomwe ingathandize kutsata kufunsa mafunso (Select Committee of Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977).

National Institute of Mental Health idathandizira maphunziro ena omwe amachitika pa akaidi omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. LSD idaperekedwa kwa asitikali opitilira 1,100 ku US Army. (Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977.) Malinga ndi Senate's US Committee Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (1976), "Mapulogalamu oyesererawa poyambilira anali kuphatikiza kuyesa kwa mankhwala okhudza kumenya anthu maphunziro, ndipo kunafika pachimake m'mayeso ogwiritsa ntchito anthu osazindikira, osadzipereka. Mayeserowa adapangidwa kuti adziwe zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha mankhwala kapena tizilombo tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwirizana ndi anthu osadziwa kuti alandila mankhwala "(p. 385).

Unabomber waku Harvard

Kafukufuku wina wovuta pamakhalidwe adachitidwa ndi a Henry A. Murray. Murray anali pulofesa ku Harvard University ndipo adagwirapo ntchito ku Office of Strategic Services (yemwe adatsogolera CIA) pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Adalemba "Kufufuza za Umunthu wa Adolph Hitler," komwe kunali kusanthula kwamaganizidwe a Hitler komwe ankagwiritsa ntchito asitikali. Munthawi imeneyi, adathandizanso kukhazikitsa mayeso owunika asitikali, kuyesa mayeso pakusintha kwaubongo, ndikudziwiratu momwe asirikali amatha kupirira kufunsidwa. Kafukufukuyu adaphatikizanso kufunsa mafunso achitetezo kwa asitikali ngati gawo limodzi lowunika malire amalingaliro awo (Chase, 2000). Kuyambira 1959-1962, Murray adachita maphunziro ofunsa oterewa ku Harvard undergraduates (Chase, 2000). Theodore Kaczynski, yemwe pambuyo pake adadzatchedwa The Unabomber, anali m'modzi mwa omwe anali nawo pagulu la 22 mu kafukufuku wa Murray, yemwe adamufunsa mafunso kwa zaka zingapo kuti akwaniritse mnyamatayo.

Mapeto

Ndizosadabwitsa kuti buku la Richard Condon la 1959, Wophunzira wa Manchurian, adachita chidwi kwambiri kumapeto kwa pulogalamu ya MKULTRA.Makanema ena atangomvera milandu ya Senate ya 1977 idakhudza mantha a nzika zambiri zakuzunzidwa kwamaganizidwe aboma (mwachitsanzo, Chinsinsi cha NIMH mu 1982 ndipo Ntchito X mu 1987). Kuopa kwakanthawi kodyedwa mwachinyengo kumapezeka mwa anthu ngati Screenslaver in Zosangalatsa 2 kuyambira 2018. Kafukufuku wosavomerezeka omwe amawononga momwe anthu amaonera sayansi akupitilira.