M'chiuno, m'chiuno ndi mawonekedwe a Sexy Hourglass

Kafukufuku wowerengeka - makamaka azimayi komanso samakonda amuna - adayesapo kuzindikira mawonekedwe amthupi omwe amuna kapena akazi anzawo amakhala osangalatsa. Cholinga chodziwika ndikudziwitsa zinthu zomwe mwina zidasinthika ngati zizindikilo zosonyeza kuthekera kwa kubereka. Koma kodi zisonyezo zosavuta ngati izi zitha kukhaladi zofunikira pakukakamira kosankha kwamunthu?

Zizindikiro za chibwenzi

Ndimakumbukira bwino zomwe mlembi wanga wakale Niko Tinbergen adachita zaka makumi asanu zapitazo. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinali kafukufuku wake woyambitsa chibwenzi mu nsomba yosavuta, yamitundumitundu itatu. Nyengo yakubereketsa itayamba, yamphongo yayikulu imakhazikitsa gawo m'madzi osaya ndikumanga chisa chokhala ngati ngalande ndi zinyenyeswazi zaudzu pa kabowo kakang'ono. Kwa mkazi aliyense wodutsa yemwe ali ndi mimba yotupa ndi dzira, amachita gule wa zig-zag, poyamba amasambira kwa iye kenako ndikumutsogolera chisa. Mkazi amasambira kudzera mumphangayo, ndikuponya mazira ambiri, ndipo yamphongo imatsatira kuti iwapatse feteleza. Pambuyo pake, amathira madzi pachisa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti mazira ake atuluke.

Kutsatira kumeneku kunapangitsa Tinbergen kuzindikira chizindikiritso cha chizindikirocho - chizindikiro chophweka chomwe chimapangitsa kuyankha kwina. Tambala wamphongo mdera lake lomwe amaswanirana amakhala ndi mtundu wofiyira pachifuwa pake, chomwe chimakopa zazikazi ndikupangitsa ukali wa amuna ena. Mofananamo, mimba yodzala ndi dzira lachikazi ndi chisonyezo chotsitsimutsa chibwenzi chamwamuna. Pogwiritsa ntchito zidole zopanda pake zomwe zimafotokoza zinthu zofunika kwambiri, Tinbergen adawonetsa kuti "wamwamuna" wofiira wam'mero ​​wofiira, wosunthidwa mmaonekedwe a zig-zag, amakopa wamkazi kupita ku chisa, pomwe "wamkazi" wotupa wamiyendo amatulutsa chibwenzi chamwamuna. Zowonadi, Tinbergen adawonetsa kuti chizindikiritso chopitilira muyeso - chitha kukhala chothandiza kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, "champhongo" chachabechabe chokhala ndi chifuwa chofiyira chowoneka bwino kwambiri chimapangitsa kuti amuna oyeserera ayambe kuvuta.

Kutulutsa zikwangwani mwa akazi?

Ngakhale machitidwe amunthu ndi ovuta kwambiri, ofufuza adafunanso zofananira mwa akazi. M'miyeso yoyeserera amafunsidwa kuti azitha kukopa zithunzi za 2-dimensional. Kutsatira mapepala awiri a seminal a Devendra Singh mu 1993, chidwi chimayang'ana kwambiri kuchuluka pakati pa m'chiuno ndi m'chiuno mulifupi mwa thupi la mayi, kuwonetsa kugawa kwamafuta mthupi. Chiuno: magawanidwe amchiuno (WHRs) samalumikizana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Mitundu yathanzi labwino ndi 0.67-0.80 ya azimayi otsogola komanso 0.85-0.95 ya amuna. Pozindikira kuti "malingaliro onse azosankha amuna okwatirana malinga ndi chisinthiko amaganiza kuti kukopa kumapereka chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kubala kwa amayi .........", kafukufuku woyambirira wa Singh adawonetsa kuti amuna nthawi zambiri amawerengera manambala azimayi otsika WHR mozungulira 0.7 ndizokopa kwambiri kuposa zilizonse zapamwamba.

Kukokomeza kwakukulu kwa mawonekedwe a hourglass mu corsets yotchuka ya "wasp-chiuno" kutanthauziridwa ngati cholimbikitsa choposa kukongoletsa kukongola kwachikazi. Chodabwitsa, komabe, mafano opangidwa ndi "Venus" ochokera ku Palaeolithic - okhala ndi ziwerengero za WHR pafupifupi 1.3 - amamasuliridwanso chimodzimodzi.

Kafukufuku wotsatira adatsimikizira kuti amuna nthawi zambiri amayesa mawonekedwe amthupi a akazi ndi WHR pakati pa 0.6 ndi 0.8 kukhala osangalatsa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kukonda WHR kotsika kumagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Mu Kugonana Kwambiri , Alan Dixson adakonda kuchuluka kwa WHR kwa 0,6 kwa ophunzira aku yunivesite yaku China komanso osaka-Hadza aku Tanzania, 0.7 aku India ndi aku Caucasus America, ndi 0.8 aamuna ku Bakossiland, Cameroon. Mu pepala la 2010, Barnaby Dixson ndi anzawo adagwiritsa ntchito njira zowunika m'maso kuti awone zomwe amuna amakonda pa WHR ya amayi ndi kukula kwa mawere. Adalemba zolemba zoyambirira komanso nthawi yakukhala amuna akuwona zithunzi zoyang'ana kutsogolo za mkazi yemweyo yemwe amasiyana ndi WHR (0.7 kapena 0.9) ndi kukula kwa mawere. Pakati pa 200 milliseconds oyambira mayeso aliwonse, mawere kapena m'chiuno zidatulutsa mawonekedwe oyambira. Zithunzi zokhala ndi WHR ya 0.7 zidavoteledwa kuti ndizosangalatsa kwambiri, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwa bere.

Poyankhulana mu 1998, komabe, a Douglas Yu ndi a Glenn Shepard adanenanso kuti kukonda amuna azimayi omwe ali ndi WHR yotsika sikungakhale kwachikhalidwe chonse. Pozindikira kuti "chikhalidwe chilichonse chomwe chayesedwa pakadali pano chayambika chifukwa chakusokoneza kwakomwe atolankhani akumadzulo", olemba awa adayesa zokonda zawo mdera lakutali kwambiri la anthu azikhalidwe zaku Matsigenka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Peru. Amuna a Matsigenka amakonda malingaliro okhala ndi WHR yayikulu, pofotokoza izi ngati mawonekedwe abwinobwino ngati athanzi. Poyesedwa kwa anthu ena akumudzimo lakukula kwakumadzulo, zokonda za WHR zimayandikira pang'onopang'ono kwa omwe adanenedwa kumayiko akumadzulo. Yu ndi Shepard adamaliza kuti mayeso am'mbuyomu "atha kungowonetsa kufalikira kwa atolankhani akumadzulo". Koma kafukufukuyu ndiwovuta chifukwa amuna adapemphedwa kuti alembe zolemba zakumadzulo kuchokera kumaphunziro oyambilira a Singh m'malo moyerekeza malinga ndi chikhalidwe chawo.

WHR motsutsana ndi thupi?

Vuto lofala lowerengera losokoneza zosintha ndilonso vuto (onani positi yanga ya Julayi 12, 2013 Msampha Wokondedwa ndi Khanda ). Zina mwazinthu zitha kuwerengera mayanjano omwe ali pakati pa WHR yotsika ndi ziwonetsero zokongola. Mwachitsanzo, akuti chiwongolero chenicheni choyendetsa ndimayendedwe amthupi (BMI).

Mu 2011, Ian Holliday ndi anzawo adagwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kwa matupi azimayi kuti apange zithunzi za 3-dimensional zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi BMI kapena WHR. Mavoti okopa amuna ndi akazi onse akuti akuphatikizidwa ndi kusiyana kwa BMI koma osati WHR. Zojambula zamaubongo zolembedwa ndi MRI yogwira ntchito poyesa zidawonetsa kuti kusintha kwa zochita za BMI m'malo ena amachitidwe aubongo. Anazindikira kuti kuchuluka kwa thupi, osati mawonekedwe amthupi, kumayendetsa chidwi.

Komabe mu 2010, kafukufuku wamiyambo yolembedwa ndi Devendra Singh, Barnaby Dixson, Alan Dixson ndi ena adatulutsa zotsatira zosiyana. Olembawa adalola zovuta za BMI pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zoyesera za azimayi omwe adachitidwa opaleshoni yodzikongoletsera kuti achepetse m'chiuno ndikukonzanso matako, ndikusintha WHR. M'miyambo yonse yoyesedwa, amuna amaweruza akazi omwe ali ndi WHR yotsika kuti ndiwokopa mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kapena kutsika kwa BMI.

Zifukwa zina zosamalirira

Kutanthauzira kwa chisonyezo chilichonse chosavuta cha kukongola kwa akazi monga WHR ndikokayikitsa. Zithunzi zoyimira za 2D za thupi lachikazi lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ndizosavuta poyerekeza ndi zenizeni za 3D. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe amthupi amawonetsedwa makamaka pamaso. Zochepa ndizodziwika pazomwe amuna amayankha kumbuyo kapena kumbuyo, osatinso zowona za 3D.

Mu pepala la 2009, a James Rilling ndi anzawo adagwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira zowonera zamavidiyo a 3D ndi 2D akadali kuwombera mitundu yazimayi yeniyeni yozungulira mlengalenga. Kufufuza kunawonetsa kuti kuya kwa m'mimba ndi kuzungulira m'chiuno ndizomwe zimatsimikizira kukongola, kuposa WHR ndi BMI.

Wosankhidwa wamkulu wazizindikiro zakutsogolo - khungu lamatsitsi lomwe limayamba msinkhu ndikuwonetsa kusintha kwa ukazi - silimaganiziridwa kawirikawiri. Chodziwikiratu ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa Christopher Burris ndi Armand Munteanu wamaphunziro oyambira amuna omwe, mwa zina, adayesa mayankho pakusintha kwatsitsi lachikazi. Chodabwitsa, kupezeka kwathunthu kwa tsitsi lapa pubic kudavoteledwa ngati komwe kumadzetsa chidwi kwambiri. Izi zidamasuliridwa ndi lingaliro lokhazikika lomwe limalumikiza tsitsi lotambalala mwa azimayi mpaka milingo yayikulu ya testosterone komanso kusabereka ndikuwonetsa kuti amuna ali ndi chiyembekezo chokwanira chofooka cha akazi. Koma chinthu chofunikira, chododometsa chidaperekedwa osanenedwa: Pazinthu zilizonse zosinthika, kusowa kwathunthu pamasamba a pubic kuyenera kuwonetsa kusabereka chifukwa chakukhwima. Kodi wina angafotokoze bwanji kutchuka kwa mabikini aku Brazil akuwonjezeka pakusintha?

Mosasamala kanthu mwatsatanetsatane, tiyenera kukhala osamala pamafotokozedwe aliwonse omwe amachepetsa kuyanjana kwamavuto ndi machitidwe osavuta oyankha.

Zolemba

Wolemba Burris, CT & Munteanu, AR (2015) Kukondweretsedwa kwakukulu chifukwa chotsitsimula kwa atsikana obisika kumalumikizidwa ndi mayankho abwino pakulera kwa akazi pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Magazini yaku Canada Yogonana24 ZOYENERA: 10.3138 / cjhs.2783.

Zamgululi Kugonana Kwapamwamba: Kafukufuku Poyerekeza a Prosimians, Anyani, Apes ndi Anthu (Kusindikiza Kwachiwiri). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Zowonjezera. & Dixson, A.F. (2010) Kuwunika m'maso zomwe amuna amakonda pamiyeso mpaka m'chiuno ndi kukula kwa mawere azimayi. Zosungidwa Zokhudza Kugonana40 :43-50.

Holliday, IE, Longe, OA., Thai, N., Hancock, P.B Kukhazikitsa. & Ndemanga, M.J.(2011) BMI osati WHR imasinthira mayankho a BOLD fMRI mu gawo laling'ono lamalipiro pomwe ophunzira aweruza kukongola kwa matupi achikazi. PLoS Mmodzi6(11) : E27255.

Kulipira, JK, Kaufman, TL, Smith, EO, Patel, R. & Worthman, CM (2009) Kuzama kwa m'mimba ndi kuzungulira m'chiuno monga zomwe zimakopa chidwi cha akazi. Chisinthiko ndi Khalidwe Laumunthu30 :21-31.

Singh, D. (1993) Kutengera kosinthika kwa kukopa kwachikazi: gawo la m'chiuno mpaka chiuno. Zolemba pa Umunthu ndi Psychology Yachikhalidwe65 :293-307.

Singh, D. (1993) Maonekedwe athupi ndi kukopa kwa amayi: gawo lofunikira pakukula kwa m'chiuno mpaka m'chiuno. Chikhalidwe Chaumunthu4 :297-321.

Singh, D., Dixson, BJ, Jessop, TS, Morgan, B. & Dixson, A.F. (2010) Kugwirizana kwachikhalidwe pamiyeso ya chiuno ndi chiwonetsero cha akazi. Chisinthiko ndi Khalidwe Laumunthu31 :176-181.

Tinbergen, N. (1951) Phunziro la Zachibadwa. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Yu, DW Ndi Shepard, G.H. (1998) Kodi kukongola kuli m'diso la wowonayo? Chilengedwe396 :321-322.