N 'chifukwa Chiyani Mphotho Yophunzitsa Imasintha Galu?

Aliyense amadziwa kuti kupatsa galu mphotho yoyankha munjira yolondola pophunzitsidwa kumasintha machitidwe ake. Mwachitsanzo, tikakopa kuphunzitsa galu kuti akhale, timasuntha mutu wagalu ndikubwerera kumbuyo kwake tikamalamula kuti "Khalani." Pofuna kuti asayang'ane bwino, galuyo amangobwerera pomwe amakhala. Galu akakhala pamalo oyenera, timamupatsa chithandizo. Pambuyo pobwereza izi, tapeza kuti galu tsopano akuyankha lamulo loti "khalani" pokhala.

Ophunzitsa agalu amaziona mopepuka kuti kupatsa galu mphotho zasintha machitidwe ake, koma asayansi amakhalidwe amafunabe kudziwa momwe zingagwiritsire ntchito izi komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Kafukufuku watsopano motsogozedwa ndi Molly Byrne ku Boston College akuwonetsa kuti pali machitidwe osavuta kwambiri, makamaka majini, omwe amachititsa kuti maphunziro akhale othandiza.

Tiyeni titenge tsatanetsatane kuti tiwone zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwenikweni pakuphunzitsa agalu. Agalu, monga zinthu zambiri zamoyo (kuphatikizapo anthu), zimatulutsa machitidwe. Imeneyi ndi njira yongonena kuti amachita zinthu, zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Chinyengo chophunzitsira galu ndikumupangitsa kuti atulutse zomwe tikufuna, monga kukhala olamula, komanso kupewa kutulutsa zina zosafunikira kapena zosafunikira, monga kugona pansi, kuzungulira, kudumpha, ndi zina zotero kunja. Koma zowonadi, mukayamba maphunziro, galu sadziwa chilichonse chomwe mukufuna. Pali machitidwe ambiri osiyanasiyana omwe amatha kupanga.

Zomwezo zimapitilira kuthetsa mavuto. Pali chikhalidwe chimodzi chokha chomwe chingathetsere vutoli ndipo machitidwe ena onse ndiosafunikira. Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti mwafika pachipata cha dimba. Mumakankhira pachipata kuti mutsegule, koma sizikugwira ntchito. Kodi mukupitiliza kukankhira pachipata? Inde sichoncho. Mumayesa china chake - tinene tikukoka chipata. Sigwirabe ntchito. Chifukwa chake simukupitiliza kukoka chipata; m'malo mwake, mumayesanso machitidwe ena. Nthawi ino mukukweza latch kuti chipata chitsegulike.

Nthawi yotsatira mukakumana ndi chipata ichi, simukankha kapena kukoka. Popeza mudalandidwapo chifukwa chamakhalidwe ena m'mbuyomu, nthawi yomweyo mudzafika pachipata kuti mutsegule. Mukuchita nawo zomwe akatswiri amisala amatcha njira "yopambana-kukhala-yotaya-kusintha". Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati mungayesere kuchita zinthu ndipo sizimakupatsani mphotho yomwe mukufuna, simubwerezanso koma yesani machitidwe ena. Ngati mungayesere kuchita ndipo zimakupatsani mwayi wopeza mphotho yomwe mukufuna, ndiye kuti mubwereza. Ngati njira yosavuta yozindikira idalumikizidwa ndi agalu, zimatsimikizira kuti titha kugwiritsa ntchito mphotho ngati njira yowaphunzitsira. Izi zithandizira kuphunzitsa galu kukhala, popeza akakhala pakulamula amalandila mphotho (chifukwa chake machitidwe obwerezabwereza amabwerezedwa) pomwe zina sizimalipidwa ndipo galu samazibwereza.

Kuti muwone ngati agalu ali ndi njirayi yopambana-kutaya-kusintha kosintha gulu lofufuzira la Boston College adayesa agalu akulu 323 azaka zapakati pazaka zitatu. Agalu adawonetsedwa koyamba kuti ngati agogoda chikho cha pulasitiki atha kulandira mphotho yazakudya zobisika pansi pake. Kenako, adapatsidwa makapu awiri apulasitiki, otseguka-pansi, patsogolo pawo, wina kumanzere wina kumanja kwamunda. Tsopano imodzi yokha ya makapu inali ndi chithandizo pomwe inayo sinatero. Agaluwo adamasulidwa ndikuloledwa kusankha imodzi mwa makapu. Ngati agalu ali ndi njirayi yopambana-kutaya-kusinthana, ndiye ngati pakayesedwa, agogoda chikho ndipo chimakhala ndi chithandizo pansi pake tingayembekezere kuti nthawi ina akapatsidwa chisankho chomwecho angasankhe chikho mbali yomweyo ya munda komwe adapeza mphothoyo (win-stay). Ngakhale ngati kulibe mphotho ayenera kusintha machitidwe awo ndikusankha chikhocho mbali inayo (kutaya-kusintha). M'malo mwake, ndizomwe adachita, ndipo pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a agalu adasankha mbali yomwe idalandilidwa kale, ngakhale kukadapanda mphothoyo pamlandu wotsatira pafupifupi 45% idasunthira mbali inayo.

Tsopano funso lidatsalabe ngati kupambana-kukhala-kotaya-kusintha kosintha ndi njira yomwe agalu achikulire aphunzira kukhala othandiza pamoyo wawo wonse, kapena ngati ndi gawo la cholumikizira chibadwa chawo. Kuti ayankhe izi, gulu lofufuzirali linayesa mayeso ofanana pogwiritsa ntchito ana agalu a 334 omwe anali pakati pa masabata asanu ndi atatu mpaka khumi. Zotsatirazo zinali pafupifupi zofanana, choncho chikho chomwe mwana wagalu anasankha chinali nacho pansi pake, kenako pamlandu wotsatira, pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu aliwonse adasankha chikho mbali yomweyo yomwe idalandiridwapo kale. Mosiyana ndi izi, pakadakhala kuti palibe mphotho pazisankho zoyambilira pafupifupi theka la ana agalu onse adasamukira mbali ina pamlandu wotsatira. Chifukwa njirayi imawoneka koyambirira kwambiri m'moyo wa galu, kulingalira kwanzeru ndikuti ndimakhalidwe abwinobwino amtundu wa canine.

Chifukwa chake zikuwoneka ngati chinsinsi cha momwe mphotho imagwirira ntchito ngati njira yothandiza yophunzitsira agalu imathetsedwa chifukwa njira yosavuta kwambiri yolumikizira ma canine. Ikuti, "Ngati china chake chomwe mwachita chakupatsani mphotho, chibwerezeni. Ngati sichoncho, yesani china." Ndi njira yosavuta yochitira, koma imagwira ntchito, ndipo imalola anthu kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphotho zophunzitsira agalu athu.

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