Lightner Witmer: Wambiri Mwa American Psychologist

Zamkati

• Imodzi mwazoyendetsa zazikulu zosamalira ana ku psychotherapy ku United States.
• Lightner Witmer: mbiri ya katswiri wazachipatala
• Maphunziro ndi ntchito yamaphunziro
• Chipatala Choyamba cha Psychology ku America
• Witmer ndi kuyamba kwamankhwala azachipatala

Imodzi mwazoyendetsa zazikulu zosamalira ana ku psychotherapy ku United States.

Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) anali wama psychologist waku America, wodziwika mpaka pano ngati bambo wa psychology yachipatala. Izi zili choncho kuyambira pomwe adakhazikitsa chipatala choyambirira cha ana ku psychology ku United States, chomwe chidayamba ngati chochokera ku labotale ya psychology ku University of Pennsylvania ndipo makamaka yomwe imasamalira ana.

M'nkhaniyi tiwona mbiri ya Lightner Witmer, komanso zina mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe adathandizira kuchipatala cha psychology.

Lightner Witmer: mbiri ya katswiri wazachipatala

Lightner Witmer, yemwe kale anali David L. Witmer Jr., adabadwa pa June 28, 1867, ku Philadelphia, United States. Mwana wa David Lightner ndi Katherine Huchel, komanso wamkulu mwa abale ake anayi, Witmer adalandira digiri yaukadaulo wama psychology ndipo posakhalitsa adakhala mnzake ku University of Pennsylvania. Momwemonso, adaphunzitsidwa zaluso, zachuma ndi zachuma, komanso sayansi yandale.

Mofanana ndi asayansi ena komanso akatswiri amisala ya nthawiyo, Witmer anakulira munthawi ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku United States, mozungulira mkhalidwe wamaganizidwe olimbirana nkhawa komanso nthawi yomweyo mantha ndi chiyembekezo.

Kuphatikiza apo, Witmer adabadwira ku Philadelphia, komwe komwe kudachitika zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidalemba mbiri yadzikolo, monga Nkhondo ya Gettysburg komanso zovuta zosiyanasiyana zoletsa ukapolo. Zonsezi zatsogolera Witmer kukhala ndi chidwi chogwiritsa ntchito psychology ngati chida chothandizira kukonza chikhalidwe.

Maphunziro ndi ntchito yamaphunziro

Atamaliza maphunziro andale, ndikuyesera kupitiliza kuphunzira zamalamulo, Witmer anakumana ndi katswiri wazamaganizidwe a James McKeen Cattell, yemwe anali m'modzi mwa ophunzira odziwika kwambiri za nthawiyo.

Wachiwiriyu adalimbikitsa Witmer kuti ayambe maphunziro ake pama psychology. Witmer posakhalitsa adachita chidwi ndi malangizowo, mwina chifukwa anali ataphunzitsapo mbiri yakale komanso Chingerezi ndi ana azaka zosiyanasiyana, ndipo adawona kuti ambiri aiwo anali ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, kusiyanitsa mamvekedwe kapena zilembo. M'malo mongokhala pambali, Witmer anali atagwira ntchito limodzi ndi ana awa, ndipo thandizo lake lidawathandiza kuwonjezera maphunziro awo.

Atakumana ndi Cattell (yemwe adaphunzitsanso ndi bambo wina wama psychology, a Wilhelm Wundt) ndipo atavomera kugwira ntchito ngati womuthandizira, Witmer ndi Cattell anakhazikitsa labotale yoyesera pomwe cholinga chachikulu chinali kuphunzira kusiyanasiyana kwakanthawi pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana.

Cattell akuchoka ku yunivesite, ndi labotale, ndipo Witmer akuyamba kugwira ntchito ngati wothandizira wa Wundt ku University of Leipzig ku Germany. Atalandira digirii yake, Witmer adabwerera ku Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania ngati director of the psychology labotale, wodziwika bwino pakufufuza ndi kuphunzitsa zamaganizidwe a ana.

Chipatala Choyamba cha Psychology ku America

Monga gawo la ntchito yake ku labotale ya University of Pennsylvania ya psychology, Witmer inakhazikitsa chipatala choyamba cha America chothandizira ana.

Mwazina, anali woyang'anira kugwira ntchito ndi ana osiyanasiyana, ndi cholinga chowathandiza kuthana ndi zomwe amatcha "zopindika" pakuphunzira komanso kucheza. Witmer ananena kuti zofooka izi sizinali matenda, ndipo sizinali kwenikweni chifukwa cha vuto la ubongo, koma mkhalidwe wamaganizidwe amakulidwe a mwanayo.

M'malo mwake, adati ana awa sayenera kutengedwa ngati "achilendo", popeza ngati apatuka pa avareji, izi zidachitika chifukwa chitukuko chawo chidali pasadakhale cha ambiri. Koma, kudzera pachithandizo chokwanira chamankhwala, chowonjezeredwa ndi sukulu yophunzitsira yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati sukulu ya chipatala, zovuta zawo zimatha kulipidwa.

Witmer ndi kuyamba kwamankhwala azachipatala

Potsutsana pamalingaliro okhudzana ndi cholowa kapena chilengedwe, omwe amalamulira kwambiri akatswiri azamisala panthawiyo, Witmer poyamba adadziwonetsa kuti ndi m'modzi wotsutsa za cholowa. Komabe, atayamba kuchitapo kanthu ngati katswiri wazamisala, Weimer adatinso kukula ndi kuthekera kwa mwanayo kumayendetsedwa bwino ndi zinthu zachilengedwe komanso ndi gawo lazachuma.

Kuchokera pamenepo, chipatala chake chimayang'ana kukulitsa maphunziro a psychology yophunzitsa ndi zomwe kale zinkatchedwa maphunziro apadera. Kuphatikiza apo, amadziwika kuti anali kholo la psychology yachipatala chifukwa anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Clinical Psychology" mu 1896, panthawi yogwira ntchito ya American Psychological Association (APA).

Momwemonso, Witmer adateteza kupatukana kwa psychology ndi nzeru, makamaka adalimbikitsa kugawa APA kuchokera ku American Philosophical Association. Popeza kuti omalizawa adayambitsa mikangano yosiyanasiyana, Witner ndi Edward Titchener adakhazikitsa gulu lina la akatswiri azama psychologist.

Witmer adatetezera mwamphamvu kuti kafukufuku wopangidwa mu psychology, ma laboratories, komanso malingaliro opangidwa ndi akatswiri anzeru, atha kukhala ndi ntchito yothandiza komanso yolunjika kukonza moyo wa anthu. Momwemonso, m'munsi mwa chitukuko cha psychology yamaganizidwe ndiye kuti kuyeserera ndi kufufuza ndizosagwirizana pamalangizo awa.