Richard Lewontin: Mbiri Ya Biologist Uyu

Zamkati

• Lewontin ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri am'mabuku ovuta kwambiri osinthika, omwe amatsutsana kwambiri ndi majini.
• Richard Lewontin Wambiri
• Zaka zoyambirira ndi maphunziro
• Ntchito yaukadaulo monga wofufuza
• Masomphenya pa Evolutionary Biology
• Zamalonda

Lewontin ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri am'mabuku ovuta kwambiri osinthika, omwe amatsutsana kwambiri ndi majini.

Richard Lewontin amadziwika m'munda mwake, biology ya chisinthiko, ngati munthu wotsutsana. Ndiwotsutsa mwamphamvu zamanenedwe, koma akadali m'modzi mwa akatswiri opatsirana kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 2000.

Ndiwonso masamu komanso wasayansi yamoyo yemwe wasintha, ndipo wakhazikitsa maziko ophunzirira za chibadwa cha anthu, komanso kukhala mpainiya pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zama molekyulu. Tiyeni tiwone zambiri za wofufuzayu kudzera mu Mbiri yachidule ya Richard Lewontin.

Richard Lewontin Wambiri

Chotsatira tidzawona chidule cha moyo wa Richard Lewontin, yemwe amadziwika kuti amaphunzira za chibadwa cha anthu ndikutsutsa malingaliro achikhalidwe cha Darwin.

Zaka zoyambirira ndi maphunziro

Richard Charles 'Dick' Lewontin adabadwa pa Marichi 29, 1929 ku New York kulowa m'banja la osamukira achiyuda.

Anapita ku Forest Hills High School komanso ku olecole Libre des Hautes Études ku New York ndipo mu 1951 adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Harvard University, ndikupeza digiri yake ya biology. Chaka chotsatira adzalandira Master of Statistics, kenako ndi doctorate ku zoology mu 1945.

Ntchito yaukadaulo monga wofufuza

Lewontin wagwirapo ntchito yophunzira za chibadwa cha anthu. Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa anthu oyamba kuchita zoyeserera zamakompyuta zamtundu wa jini komanso momwe angalandire cholowa pambuyo pa mibadwo ingapo.

Pamodzi ndi Ken-Ichi Kojima mu 1960, adakhazikitsa chitsanzo chofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya biology, kupanga ma equation omwe amafotokozera kusintha kwamachitidwe a haplotype pamalingaliro achilengedwe. Mu 1966, limodzi ndi Jack Hubby, adasindikiza nkhani yasayansi yomwe idasinthiradi pakuphunzira za chibadwa cha anthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito majini a Drosophila pseudoobscura ntchentche, adapeza kuti pafupifupi panali mwayi wa 15% kuti munthuyo anali heterozygous, ndiye kuti, anali ndi kuphatikiza kopitilira muyeso umodzi wamtundu womwewo.

Adaphunziranso zamitundu yosiyanasiyana mwa anthu. Mu 1972 adasindikiza nkhani momwe iye adawonetsa kuti mitundu yambiri yamitundu, pafupifupi 85%, imapezeka m'magulu am'deralo, pomwe kusiyana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha malingaliro amtundu wamtundu sikuyimira zoposa 15% zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtundu wamunthu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Lewontin adatsutsa mwamphamvu kutanthauzira kwamtundu uliwonse komwe kumatsimikizira kuti kusiyana mitundu, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe ndizovuta kukhazikika kwa majini.

Komabe, izi zadziwika ndipo ofufuza ena afotokoza malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2003 AWF Edwards, wasayansi waku Britain komanso wasintha zamoyo, adatsutsa zomwe Lewontin adanena, kunena kuti mtundu, wabwino kapena woyipa, ungaganiziridwe kuti ndi ntchito yomanga msonkho.

Masomphenya pa Evolutionary Biology

Malingaliro a Richard Lewontin okhudza chibadwa amadziwika kudzudzula kwake kwa akatswiri ena osintha zamoyo. Mu 1975, EO Wilson, katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo ku America, adalongosola za chisinthiko pamakhalidwe amunthu m'buku lake Zaumulungu . Lewontin wakhalabe wotsutsana kwambiri ndi akatswiri azachikhalidwe cha anthu komanso akatswiri azamisala, monga Wilson kapena Richard Dawkins, omwe amalongosola za momwe ziweto zimakhalira komanso momwe zinthu zilili pamagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu.

Malinga ndi ofufuzawa, machitidwe azisungika ngati zingatanthauze mtundu wina wamgulu. Lewontin sagwirizana ndi izi, komanso munkhani zingapo komanso imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri Sizili M'majini yadzudzula kufooka kwa chiphunzitso cha kuchepa kwa majini.

Poyankha mawu awa, adalimbikitsa lingaliro la "wotsamira." Pakati pa biology yodziyimira payokha, mtundu wowonda ndi womwe umakhalapo ngati chofunikira kotero kuti zikhalidwe zina, mwina zosintha kapena mwina, zitha kuchitika, ngakhale sizitanthauza kusintha kwa mphamvu kapena kupulumuka kwake kwa chilengedwe. momwe yakhalamo, ndiye kuti, zikhalidwezi siziyenera kusintha.

Mu Zamoyo ndi Zachilengedwe , Lewontin imatsutsa malingaliro amwambo a Darwin akuti zamoyo zimangokhala zomwe sizimangotengera chilengedwe. Kwa Richard Lewontin, zamoyo zimatha kusintha chilengedwe chawo, monga omanga achangu. Zokometsera zachilengedwe sizinakonzedwenso ndipo sizinthu zopanda kanthu zomwe mitundu yamoyo imalowetsedwa chimodzimodzi. Ziphuphu izi zimafotokozedwa ndikupangidwa ndi mitundu ya moyo yomwe imakhalamo.

Poona kusintha kwa chilengedwe, chilengedwe chimawoneka ngati chodziyimira pawokha komanso chodziyimira pawokha, popanda chomalizachi kapena choyambitsa choyambacho. M'malo mwake, Lewontin akuti, kuchokera pazowonjezera zambiri, kuti zamoyo ndi chilengedwe zimakhalabe ndi mgwirizano, momwe zonse zimakhudzirana ndikusintha nthawi imodzi. M'mibadwo yonse, chilengedwe chimasintha ndipo anthu amasintha momwe amasinthira komanso machitidwe awo.

Zamalonda

Richard Lewontin walemba zakusintha kwachuma "bizinesi yaulimi", yotanthauziridwa ku bizinesi ya bizinesi kapena bizinesi yaulimi. Anatinso chimanga cha haibridi chakonzedwa ndikufalikira osati chifukwa chimakhala chabwino kuposa chimanga chachikhalidwe, koma chifukwa chalola makampani azamunda kukakamiza alimi kugula mbewu zatsopano chaka chilichonse m'malo modzala mbewu zawo za moyo wonse. .

Izi zidamupangitsa kuti achitire umboni pamlandu ku California, kuyesa kusintha ndalama zaboma zofufuzira mitundu yazipatso zambiri, poganizira kuti izi zidasangalatsa makampani komanso kuvulaza mlimi wamba waku North America.